Various Definitions of Hegemony and Pax Americana Essay Example for Free

Various Definitions of Hegemony and Pax Americana Essay The politics of hegemony is an important area of political science. During the Pax Americana period – that is, after WWII – the United States is known to have helped the world establish economic order (Samuelson, 2006, p. A31). Moreover, the U. S. is known to have assisted other countries with economic aid and in reconstruction efforts, for example, with the well-known Marshall Plan (Hogan, 1989, p. 1-25). Heardon (2002) describes the United States as an architect of a new world order during the Second World War. Hence, it is important to comprehend the power of the U. S. in the light of various definitions of hegemony. The word, ‘hegemony,’ is known to have its roots in the Greek verb, â€Å"hegeisthai,† meaning â€Å"to lead† (â€Å"What is Hegemony,† 2007). In the ancient Greek civilization the term applied to leaders that were able to influence and exert a tremendous amount of control over groups of people. The hegemons had to be supported by at least one dominant group so as to keep the common people from rebelling against established leaders (â€Å"What is Hegemony†). Watson (2002) refers to two meanings of hegemony in International Relations: â€Å"One has to do with the distribution of power in a system. Not merely military force, but also technical and financial strength. The other meaning is the dominance of a particular idea or set of assumptions, such as economic liberalism and globalization (p. 1). † Certainly the second definition of hegemony in International Relations cannot be applied to a country that influences other countries, for example, the United States since the beginning of the Pax Americana period. The first definition of hegemony in International Relations, on the other hand, may aptly describe the power of the British Empire in the mid-nineteenth century, and of the United States during the period known as Pax Americana (Pigman, 1997, p. 186). Watson writes that the first definition is a â€Å"material condition† enabling a â€Å"great power, or a group of powers, or the great powers in a system acting collectively, to bring such great pressures and inducements to bear that most other states lose some of their freedom of action de facto, though not de jure (p. 1). † Also according to the author, the Western world’s hegemony in our times, and especially that of the United States, has aimed to alter the â€Å"internal behaviour† of other countries as well as societies (Watson, p. 1). The implications of change of â€Å"internal behaviour† induced by powerful countries combine the two definitions of hegemony in International Relations (Watson, p. 1). As an example, if the Western world, and especially the United States, manages to convert a large number of countries into believers in economic liberalism as well as globalization – these ideas proposed by hegemonic societies would be considered the dominant ones. Likewise, the Western world has its own ideas about human rights in addition the environment and the â€Å"standards of civilization,† which happen to be prominent today seeing that the world media is by and large controlled by the Western civilization (Watson, p. 1). All the same, the world at large has not adopted these ideas as their own, which suggests that the second definition of hegemony in International Relations cannot really be applied in our time. According to Ferguson (2003), hegemony of the United States during the period referred to as Pax Americana was based on four pillars. The first pillar was entirely economic, as the economy of the United States outperformed most of its competitors in the twentieth century. The second pillar of U. S. hegemony related to the country’s â€Å"power to advance multilateral, mutually balanced tariff reductions under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (later the World Trade Organization) (Ferguson). † During the Kennedy Round negotiations of 1967, reductions in tariffs were achieved mainly due to pressures from the United States (Beck, 1970, p. 33-36). Pressures were exerted through â€Å"conditionality,† that is, the terms that the International Monetary Fund, based in Washington D. C. , applied to grant loans (Ferguson). The third pillar of U. S. hegemony may be understood by the way the U. S. dollar was presented by the U. S. government as a â€Å"key currency,† both â€Å"before and after the breakdown of the Bretton Woods institutions (Ferguson). † This allowed the U. S. to be â€Å"less restrained† than other nations as far as foreign investment and strategic policymaking were concerned (Ferguson). Subsequently, the world experienced the hegemony of the U. S. dollar, granting extensive privileges unto the United States (Ferguson; Paul, 2006). The fourth pillar, according to Ferguson, was the maintenance of hegemony by the United States through its ability to formally constitute an â€Å"alliance of states† – in other words, NATO – which was committed to the â€Å"containment of two rival superpowers (Ferguson). † In fact, the chief responsibility assumed by NATO has been to secure Europe and the United States against military attacks (â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions,† 2008). If we were to believe that Pax Americana continues to this day, the conventional definition of hegemony in International Relations is enough to help us understand the period since 1945. After all, the United States has maintained its leadership position among the countries of the world by using its military power as well as economic and technological strength, despite the fact that its use of military force has been disapproved by many nations. (The very meaning of ‘Pax’ is ‘Peace’). Furthermore, even the recession of 2008 has not given the world a new leader dethroning the United States. Noam Chomsky believes that the current recession is not expected to end U. S. hegemony in any case (Rattansi, 2008). All the same, Antonio Gramsci’s definition of hegemony cannot explain the position of the U. S. from 1945 to 2008, seeing that this definition may only describe a leading nation that is respected by the subordinate groups for all its decisions (â€Å"Hegemony in Gramsci’s Original Prison Notebooks†). The fact that the United States’ decisions during the Vietnam War were not supported by the American public and the world at large confirm Wallerstein’s (2002) hypothesis that Pax Americana must have ended during the Vietnam War. Foster McChesney (2004) write that the end of the Vietnam War was the time when the mask of the American Empire was lifted. The period called Pax Americana was â€Å"revealed as imperialism pure and simple (Foster McChesney). † This is because the president of the United States could no longer explain the foreign policy of his nation as based on the â€Å"liberation of man† and the â€Å"survival of liberty (Foster McChesney). † Hence, Gramsci’s definition of Pax Americana may only explain the period between 1945 and the Vietnam War, when the United States was considered a helper and facilitator rather than a hostile imperialist nation. According to Gramsci, hegemony refers to political power flowing from moral, intellectual and political leadership as well as consensus or authority instead of military force. Thus, a ruling class may form as well as maintain hegemony in a civil society by the creation of political and cultural consensus using political parties, unions, media, schools, the church, and various other kinds of voluntary organizations that exercise hegemony over social groups in addition to â€Å"allied classes (Hainsworth, 2000). † These organizations of persons, the media, as well as information that flows from them control the behaviour and thinking of the people by presenting them with â€Å"dominant ideologies,† thereby creating â€Å"a state of domination (Hainsworth). † Moreover, the leading class may hold greater power over the people than the government, according to Gramsci. Besides, all decisions made by the leading class must be democratic in nature. In particular, the subordinate groups should agree with the leading class in matters of economic development as well as legislation, seeing that the people are significantly affected by decisions in these areas. The leading class is allowed by the people to use force against hostile groups. Just the same the force used by the leading class should not exceed the consent of the people (â€Å"Hegemony in Gramsci’s Original Prison Notebooks†). The work of the United States during the period, 1945 to the Vietnam War, may definitely be understood in the light of Gramsci’s definition of hegemony. U. S. financiers and corporations along with the U. S. government formed the leading class, with the financiers and corporations playing a major role and the government simply voicing their interests through new plans and negotiations with the rest of the world. The role played by the U. S. government on behalf of the ruling class, that is, the financiers and corporations, is comparable to the present role of the media. All the same, it is obvious that the functions of the United States during Pax Americana – if it is believed to be the period, 1945-Vietnam War – were entirely democratic. As a matter of fact, the ideologies of the United States during this period were almost entirely accepted by the rest of the world. The U. S. continued to foster enmity with the Soviet Union. Even so, the subordinate groups did not disagree with this stance of the United States. As the U. S. promoted anticommunist ideologies, subordinate classes preferred them to communist ideologies. Thus, the United States had managed to dominate almost the entire world with its moral, intellectual, and political ideologies. References Beck, R. H. (1970). The Changing Structure of Europe: Economic, Social, and Political Trends. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Ferguson, N. (2003, Sep-Oct). Hegemony or Empire? Foreign Affairs. Foster, J. B. , McChesney, R. W. (2004, Sep). The American Empire: Pax Americana or Pox Americana. Monthly Review. Frequently Asked Questions. (2008, Jun 11). North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Retrieved Dec 10, 2008, from http://www. nato. int/issues/faq/index. html. Hainsworth, S. (2000, May 17). Gramsci’s Hegemony Theory and the Ideological Role of the Mass Media. Retrieved Dec 10, 2008, from http://www. cultsock. ndirect. co. uk/MUHome/cshtml/contributions/gramsci2. html. Hearden, P. J. (2002). Architects of Globalism: Building a New World Order during World War II. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. Hegemony in Gramsci’s Original Prison Notebooks. Retrieved Dec 10, 2008, from http://socserv2. mcmaster. ca/soc/courses/soc2r3/gramsci/gramheg. htm.

The Minimum Wage Essay -- Minimum Wage Research Paper

"The minimum wage is something that F.D.R. put in place a long time ago during the Great Depression. I don't think it worked then. It didn't solve any problems then and it hasn't solved any problems in 50 years." -- John Raese For many years it has been a matter of conventional wisdom among economists that the minimum wage causes fewer jobs to exist than would be the case without it. This is simply a matter of price theory, taught in every economics textbook, requiring no elaborate analysis to justify. Were this not the case, there would be no logical reason why the minimum wage could not be set at $10, $100, or $1 million per hour. Historically, defenders of the minimum wage have not disputed the dis-employment effects of the minimum wage, but argued that on balance the working poor were better off. In other words, the higher incomes of those with jobs offset the lower incomes of those without jobs, as a result of the minimum wage l "levitan". Now, President Obama is advancing the novel economic theory that modest increases in the minimum wage will have no impact whatsoever on employment. This proposition is based entirely on the work of three economists: David Card and Alan Krueger of Princeton, and Lawrence Katz of Harvard. Their studies of increases in the minimum wage in California, Texas and New Jersey apparently found no loss of jobs among fast food restaurants that were surveyed before and after the increase [ l "card-92b", l "krueger", and l "katz". While it is not yet clear why Card, Katz and Krueger got the results that they did, it is clear that their findings are directly contrary to virtually every empirical study ever done on the minimum wage. These studies were exhaustively surveyed by the Minimum Wage Study Commission, which concluded that a 10% increase in the minimum wage reduced teenage employment by 1% to 3%. The following survey of the academic research on the minimum wage is designed to give nonspecialists a sense of just how isolated the Card, Krueger and Katz studies are. It will also indicate that the minimum wage has wide-ranging negative effects that go beyond unemployment. For example, higher minimum wages encourage employers to cut back on training, thus depriving low wage workers of an important means of long-term advancement, in return for a small increase in current income. For many workers this is a very ... ...g (1996), " `Who Gets What' from Minimum Wage Hikes," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 49 (April): 547-52.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ------, and T. A. Finegan (1989), "The Minimum Wage and the Poor: The End of a Relationship," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 8 (Winter): 53-71. 23w  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Card, D., and A. Krueger (1995), Myth and Measurement (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press).  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Deere, D., K. M. Murphy and F. Welch (1995), "Employment and the 1990-1991 Minimum Wage Hike," American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 85 (May): 232-37.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gramlich, E. (1976), "Impact of Minimum Wages on Other Wages, Employment, and Family Incomes," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2: 409-51.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lang, K. (1994), "The Effect of Minimum Wage Laws on the Distribution of Employment: Theory and Evidence," Working Paper, Boston University.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Neumark, D., and W. Wascher (1995), "The Effects of Minimum Wages on Teenage Employment and Enrollment: Evidence from Matched CPS Surveys," NBER Working Paper No. 5092, April.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Smith, R., and B. Vavrichek (1992), "The Wage Mobility of Minimum Wage Workers," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 46 (October): 82-88.

Advantages and Disadvantages of a Large Family Essay

1. Ad and disad of large family A bigger family gets the advantage of children that are never lonely and have had to share and make friends easily. Big families often have more fun and an excuse to get out more. Children from a big family appreciate their siblings when they are older more then they would when they are younger. However a big family gets the disadvantage of less attention. This might make them frustrated or upset. Siblings don’t always get along aswell! It can be a pain trying to bring your family down to the shop, cinema and especially a fancy restaurant! At the end of the day it’s all up to you. If your a loud bubbly person who loves fun and laughter then a big family is for you. see more:small family advantages and disadvantages If you like the quiet life and like going out with your friends and spending as much time as possible with your children a smaller family is for you. If your a bit of both then maybe three children would be just right! Living in a small family might give you the opportunity to be successful since you will be supported BOTH financially and emotionally more, providing that you make good use of your chance UNIQUENESS. Conversely, in a big family you might not receive financially FINANCIAL OR EMOTIONAL and emotionally support enough. This difficulty might lead someone to commit crimeS, ALTHOUGH THAT WOULD BE a feeble excuse in my book FOR DOING SO. From personal QUOTING FROM THE experienceS of a friend of mine, growing up in a family of ELEVEN children ALL living in a large family was a very unpleasant experience. He felt lost in the crowd AND suffered low self esteem from RECEIVING constant criticism from his siblings. He told me there WAS no privacy in his life(.) he can taste. He believes the benefits of a small family outweigh the disadvantages. Read more:  Disadvantages of Population Growth On account of the faCt that s Some parents who have ONLY one child often spoil him/her rotten in order to provide a comfortable life for him/her(,) which has an adverse effect on their CHILD’S future. Coming from a small family has its disadvantages as well as advantages. From A psychological viewpoint, parents have to encourage a sense of responsibility in their children since children should learn to take responsibility for their own lives(.) in the near future. A spoiled child will not be an autonomous person who is able to tackle the upcoming problems in his/her life. In addition, the adolescents who are dependAnt on their parents emotionally and financially in any case will not be capable of thinking rationally and make NOR HAVE THE ABILITY TO MAKE rational decisions. From my point of view, in some case, a strict upbringing will work BETTER IN HELPING children to learn something. I think it is not advisable to raise large families which is something of an anachronism these days. Times have changed, therefore, our attitudes HAVE ALSO TO CHANGE.to be changed. All children are entitled to have a comfortable life, HAVE access to higher education and TO BE FED well. From A psychologistS vantage point, deprived children tend to do less well at school so how can they continue their education. Moreover, when parents raise a large family and are unable to discipline them, their children will become noisy AND argumentative. There are some pluses to living in a big family that SHOULD BE taken into consideration. The significant merit of living in a big family is that you can learn from other family members of yours and they support and guide you whenever you HAVE THE need. Sometimes you make a small mistake and you DO NOT dare to tell your parents(,) but you can tell your siblings(,) because they are more comfortable-to-be-with compared with parents. On the other hand, t The interests of ALL children are different(,) and life would be one of variety(,) THEREFORE it would be a happy life as variety is the spice of life. Children can learn A lot of social skills in their earlier YEARS(,) and they will have the feeling of responsibility in addition to more love and affection. will be there in between family members. A child who has several brotherS and sisterS rarely lacks company. I suppose the advantages of being a member of a large family are far too numerous to mention. Take my life for example which can illustrate the point. We are a family of four and I have only a kid sister who is married(,) and I consult with her whenever I need to. I WOULD rather LIVE in a SMALLER family with A moderate NUMBER of family members. I like everything that I have. Advantages of a large family A large family has some very strong advantages. First of all, it has a lot of members and there is more than one earning member in a large family. In addition, members can help each other in bad times. A large family has parents, children and uncles, aunties and grandparents. Therefore, children can enjoy the company of all the members. They are never alone. A large family also has a joyful atmosphere. Everyone has his/her story at the end of the day and they all sit and talk about their good experiences, their problems and possible solutions together. Finally, a large family can save money in various different ways. Because they all live together, the cost becomes low in total and they can save a lot. A large family is a lovely place to live in. Disadvantages of a Large Family There are several disadvantages of having a large family. First of all, there is hardly any privacy. In a large family, you may have to share bedrooms with your sisters or brothers. It is hard to have any time alone because there are so many people living in one house. In addition, a large family often has more expenses than a small family. A large family has to budget their money so that everyone can have enough food and clothes to live. Sometimes, children or parents cannot buy what they want because they have to save money for others in the family. Finally, in a large family there is more responsibility on the parents to take care of all their children. It takes a lot of work by parents to make sure that all their children grow up to be good people. A large family is not easy to live in. There are many advantages and disadvantages of having a big family. I the past famielies were much bigger than now. Today many couples don’t get married at all or they get married much later, when both partners have started their career. The numbers of divorces has increased a lot. In the past people wanted to have many kids, but now is popular a type of family where are parents and one or two children. The first advantage of having a lot of brothers or sisters is joyful and happy life. In big families always someone tells you something nice or does some surprises. You never feel solitary in so large group because they always make you smile.The next good thing about having many brothers or sisters is helping each other with every work. For example elder from the sibling, helps with homework the younger one. Person who lives in a large family is more responsible and sociable than somebody who was always an only child. But on the other hand if you have only one brother or sister, or even none – you’re supposed to argue less, because you haven’t a person who you will argue with. Also in big families children become very competitive and everybody wants to be the best. In my opninion families should be numerous. I’ve got a younger brother and we really get on very well. I’m happy that I have him! I know a lot of people who are the only children. They are often more selfish and bumptious than the other who have any brothers or sisters. I still don’t know what I want to do in the future, I don’t know which job I want to have, I don’t know if I get married, but if I do – I know that I’d like to have a big family and a lot of children. 2. Geen house effect While some people believe the earth’s climatic changes are due to the fact that the universe is getting older, others believe it is due to the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is a naturally occuring phenomenon that is responsible for trapping heat near the earth’s surface and keeping the planet warm. It is called the greenhouse effect because the way it works is similar to the way in which a green house functions. In a greenhouse sunlight passes through the transparent roof and walls and strikes the objects inside- plants, flowerpots, tables, and so forth. These objects absorb energy from sun, become warmer, and then give off energy themselves in the form of heat. Only a little of this heat energy passes out through the glass, much of it is â€Å"trapped† in the greenhouse, raising the temperature inside. In some ways, the earth functions rather like a greenhouse except on a much larger scale. Although the greenhouse effect has only recently been in the news, is nothing new in th history of our planet, has played major role in making life on earth possible. Without the greenhouse effect, the earth would be too cold for living In recent decades there has been a global increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, largely as a result of the burning of fossil fuels. The greenhouse effect may be the most serious environmental problem the human race has ever experienced, for this reason scientists around the world are working hard to acheive a better understanding of the greenhouse effect, to predict the impact it will have on earth, and to discover ways to control it. Global warming can be expected to change the earth’s climate dramatically and in a relatively short time. The financial problem with this is that the flooding will cause dams to be built and cities to be reconstructed. If we do not act now, it may be too late. â€Å"The amount ofcarbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increased by 0. Is soemthing good turning bad† Up until about 150 years ago the compostion of the earths atmosphere had remianed relatively unchanged for several thousand years. Global warming could change the atmosphere so much and so fast that all sorts of plants and animals might soon be in danger os extinction. If this rise in sea level was to occur many areas would be much more prone to flooding, and generally much deeper floods would be experienced than nowadays. Right now it is moving so that North America is going to be close to the sun in the winter. The Cretaceous Period occurred over 100 million years ago. While going through this cycle it will change the climate of areas. Overall, the global temperature could rise anywhere from 5 to 9 degrees over the next fifty years. What is meant by the term, the greenhouse effect, is that the heat from the sun comes into the Earth’s atmosphere and cannot get out so it becomes trapped. 3. Exercise good for your health It is very important to exercise. Exercise is important because it can keep you in shape and will improve your health for the better. Many studies have shown that regular activities and exercise can improve someones overall health substantially. Exercise reduces the risk of heart disease, stroke, certain cancers, and high blood pressure. Exercise can also help you to maintain healthy bones, muscles, and joints. Sports competitors must do physical activity on a regular basis to maintain their level of performance because it is necessary to train the body to be able to withstand physical activity. Along with physical activity comes weight loss. Weight loss can improve the meantal well-being and boost the confidence of any particular person. Also, studies have shown that people who exercise on a regular basis tend to live longer than those who don’t. With all of these benefits in mind, i’m not sure why anyone wouldn’t want to be physically fit and active! Try exercising a minimum of 3-4 days a week. Exercising includes walking, running, jogging, painting, biking, and there are plenty of other activities to try as well. My advice would be to pick something you enjoy doing and wouldn’t mind doing on a regular basis and sticking to a schedule. You can even pick a few different activities to mix things up and keep it interesting. In weight training most people will work different muscle groups on different days in order to best work their body without over-doing it. This also saves time during the day because instead of working out for 3-5 hours in one day you can workout for an hour a day 3-5 days a week. It spreads out the exercise so you don’t get sick of it and dread going. Also, your body will respond better because you will not be putting too much stress on yourself. Also, always stretch before physical activity! This is very important so that you do not pull or strain any muscles. Most importantly, to maintain a healthy body you must stay ACTIVE! 4. Advantages and disadvantages of living in a city and in the countryside A lot of people decide to move to the countryside nowadays. However, there are still many people who prefer stay in the town and say that they couldn’t live anywhere else. So which place is better to live? Let’s think about both of them. I would like to start with the advantages and disadvantages of the big city life. Living in such a big city has a lot of advantages. There is a big offer how to spend free time. There are a lot of theatres, concerts and other ways of entertainment. There is always a lot to do and visit! There are a lot of possibilities of shopping. In various shopping centres and galleries you can buy whatever you want. What is more, there are a lot of working places in a city. Many big international companies have their locations in the cities, so it is much easier to find a job in a big city. Moreover, the public transport is developed quite well, so the commuting to work isn’t a problem. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of living in a big city. Cities are very crowded. Everywhere there are crowds: on the pavements and in the buses. What is more, the traffic is heavy and city’s car parks are always very full. Sometimes it is very difficult to get from a given place to another. It may take hours! Moreover, the other disadvantage is the safety in a city, but actually the lack of safety. There is a big crime rates in cities. So you have to be very careful at nights when you leave your home. I think that in the country the problem of crime isn’t so big. There aren’t so many people and they usually know each other well. The possibility of robbery or other crime is relatively lower. Life in the countryside is more peaceful and the life is also slower. What is more, it is less stressful. There isn’t any time pressure and the traffic conditions are better. A lot of places you may reach on foot. The city offers a lot: there are huge buildings, skyscrapers or some historic monuments. On the other hand, in the countryside there are a lot of breathtaking sceneries, space and other amazing places such as forests, lakes or mountains. Moreover, people in the countryside are quite different than people living in the city: they are relaxed, friendly and family-oriented. People in the city are like ants. They are always in hurry, busy and out of time. In the country people enjoy lives and take pleasure in their daily activities. As a disadvantage of living in the countryside we may consider the commuting problems. People who stay in the countryside often have to work in the nearest cities, so it may take a lot of time to get to it. However, the living costs in the country are much lower, the variety of products in shops is smaller. To sum up I would like to say that both countryside and city have some advantages and disadvantages. Both city and country may be a good place to live. However I will stay in the city till I retire. Then I would like to move to the country to have a rest. I think that everyone of us will take into consideration all aspects before he decides to move to the country. 5. The advantages and disadvantages of living in the country Living in the countryside has a lot of advantages, but also many disadvantages. As the advantage we can consider the fact that the country is less polluted and the traffic isn’t so heavy. You are fit and you don’t need to worry about your health condition, because in the countryside the air and water are so clean. In the country there are many plant species. There aren’t any huge blocks of flats, modern skyscrapers or bothersome traffic jams. In the country you are free to admire the breathtaking landscapes such as huge meadows, peacefulhills or forests. You can enjoy walking in the forest and picking mushrooms or hunting. Another advantage is that you may easily build a big house and the garden, because charges for ground are much lower than in the suburbs. Moreover, living in the countryside is cheaper than it is in the city, so you probably may afford many other things, because the prices are lower. What is more, you can invite your friends to the barbecue organized in your garden. It would be great! The other positive side is the safety. In the rural area the crime rate is much lower. There aren’t a lot of housebreaks and the possibility of burglary is also lower. In the countryside people usually and keep eyes on neighbour’s estates. They always react when something strange is happening. Country life is very peaceful and silent. You will enjoy the feeling of peace. However, there are a lot of positive aspects of living in the country side, there are also some disadvantages. Living in the country is slower. People don’t need to hurry and have a lot of time. People in the country don’t have to work so many hours as they do in the city. On the other hand, they don’t earn so much money. Moreover, there aren’t such interesting things to do during free time. The unemployment rate is also much higher than in the city. The problem may be also the communication. If you don’t have your own car, you may have problem how to commute to work. The same problem concerns the access to the hospitals, schools, police stations and shops, which are usually located far from the village. Last of all, there are some dangers connected with country life such as heavy snowfall or rainfall. To sum up, I think that living in the country may have a lot of advantages such as fresh air, breathtaking landscapes and comfort, but a lot of people decide to stay in the city, due to the fact that the life in the town is easier. The easy access to shops and other institutions are the great advantage. 6. Do you want to work in a big or small company? Why? a. No doubt, I choose to work for a small company because there are too many benefits that outnumber its disadvantages not to choose. But working for a large company has advantages no more than its disadvantages. The most important benefit of working for a small company is that I will have many chances to develop. In gerneral, a small company is a developing enterprise and it is not easy to absorb many excellent employees. If I enter this small company, I think that the boss will appreciate me and give me many opportunities to reveal my abilities. Only I let the job do well, I am sure that I will rise very rapidly. On contrary to this, a large company is already a high developed institutions. There are many prominent talent working for it. A good position will absorb hundreds of opponents. It will take me a lot of time and vigor to get this position. Maybe I have no chance to win this competition at all. Another benefit of working for a small company , which working for a large company almost cannot achieve, is that I can learn more skills in a small company than in a large company. As shown above, a small company is a developing enteprise. This means that it have no a great deal of money to employ many persons . So, I can do all kinds of jobs at the same time. I think that this will be useful to compete in the society. But in a large company, maybe I only engage a monotonous job over a long period of time . I believe that this will be helpless to improve my capacity. b. Of course, choosing to work for a large company also has advantages to some extent. For example, it will afford handsome salary and will be not easy to fail in business competition. But from my own development, I still want to work in a small company. In addition, I believe that every large company originates from a small company. Maybe I will become an important person when the small company in which I work become a large company. b. Lots of student will face such a problem, to work in a big company or a small one. Each choice has benefits as well as disadvantages .for a big company, one will gain more knowledge and experience, but his work will focus on a narrow area. On the other hand, if one chooses to work for a small firm, he will have a wide experience and knowledge about the company operation, but his income will be very likely not higher then working in big company. Personally, I preferred to working in the big firm. There are several reasons for me to choose the big company, and the main reason is that I wish to be a professional and I believe working in big company will help me to realize it. There are many opportunities to get in touch with the talent on their major in big company. Working with them, I will definitely benefit from their experience and skill. For example, once, I had worked at a company with several professional research engineering as research assistance for one year. Their knowledge helped me directly drive to the key of the project, and their experience saved me form impracticable ideas. Furthermore, in big firm, one had more training opportunities, which cannot provide by the small company. The other reason for me is the income. For working in big firm the income will be higher. The wage will be very important for the new graduate whose family needs money. For example, one came from financial strait family, and had two little brothers studying in school. A good wage will be help his family form hard living. Although working in a small company, one will gain full experience, and will obtain greater choice to promotion, when the company gets a good development. But the undeniable fact was the work was not steady, as the small firm was weak in the market economy. After considering the above, I can get the conclusion that although working in small firm also have advantage, I will choose to work in the big firm 7. Money is the root of all evil. Many of us grew up hearing that money is the root of all evil, but that is not really what scripture teaches us. Money is neither evil nor good. It is only what happens with money once it is in our hands that gives it qualities of either good or evil. Money can be many things, depending on how we relate to it. We need to understand the difference between a physical currency that is the basis for our lives and a material desire that is driven by greed. It is a fact that money makes the world go round and this is how we bargain for food, shelter, education, travel and just about everything in life has a price. Money is the reward for our work that allows us to enjoy the good things in life. It is the foundation for our social organizations and the donations to churches and charitable organizations that allows them to become established and function properly within our communities. From this point of view, money is not the evil; it is just a source of our survival. From the other hand, the love of money can destroys our lives. Not only money by themselves, but the desire of them. The greediness can destroy individuals, break up homes and even bring down nations. When the love of material possessions, social status and political power are the driving force behind our desire for money, we become rooted in evil. People can also make money there god. It depends on whether money is in control of the person or the person is in control of the money. It is clear, when money is in control of person it can make a lot of harm. To sum up, I should say that money is not evil, as I think. It’s just the greed that’s in the hearts of those who want it for needless riches and power that gives money the label of being evil 8. Time and tide wait for no man a. Time and tide are natural phenomena. Like other agents of nature, they too have no consideration and regard for any individual. They are beyond the control of human hands. Man finds himself helpless before them. This proverb is a lesson to all of us. It lays emphasis on the desirability of our preparedness to make the best use of an opportunity that presents itself to us. We should, therefore, remain vigilant, because even the slightest carelessness on our part may result in missing a great opportunity in life resulting in colossal loss. No amount of repentance would compensate the loss caused by such a failure. Opportunities are rare. If availed of, they may prove a boon in one’s life and may also ruin one’s life if it is missed. In olden days there were no watches an people used to do their working following the direction of the Sun, even though people were sincere and punctual at those days. But today even after innumerable inventions and a lot developments people used to complain that they don’t have time. ‘Is it that the time in olden days was long and today it is short? Not at all’. Then where is the problem? Actually problem exists in time management. For instance, when students have time, they waste it in unnecessary discussions, fantasies and student politics etc. but when examination comes nearer they start studying and complain for time short as they could not use the time left in a proper manner. Here a saying comes to mind, â€Å"Time is short, not for rest, think your aim and do your best†. Thus, scheduled management of time can give a person more time to do what he wants. b. When we get an opportunity to do anything, we should seize it. If an opportunity is may near have it again. Time lost once is lost forever. We cannot recall it. So we should always make the best use of time. We should be ever on the look-out to seize time by the fore-lock. Our life is short. We should not waste even a moment. If we waste time, we waste life itself. Time is the most important factor in our life. We should not postpone any work for the future. We should plan for the future and act in the present. The present is the most important time. We should do everything in the present. â€Å"now or Never† should be our motto We should plan our activities. We should do useful things. We should not waste time on unnecessary things. We should be careful about our duties. We should not spend much time on amusements and games. we should do our duties punctually. Punctually is a great virtue. Success in life depends upon the right use of time. We should utilize time wisely. A student should study hard in his student-career. If he does not study properly in this stage, he may have to repent later in life. A sick person should be treated in time, otherwise he may have to lose his life. A farmer should sow seeds in the proper season, otherwise he may not get a harvest. Everything should be done in time. If any time is lost, it lost for ever. We should always be up and doing. We should never miss an opportunity. Time is very valuable. We should make the best use of it. 9. Advantages and Disadvantages of a Large Family Essay A family is a group of individuals related by blood. It is a basic unit of the society traditionally consisting of a mother and father, rearing their children. The family is also the greatest agent of socialization in a society. In every society, family is of different types which are usually graded by size. The most common type of family is the Extended family, commonly called large family; and Nuclear family, commonly called small family. An extended family is that which consist of father, mother, children as well as cousins, uncles, nephews and nieces, grand-parents and family friends, which is why it is called a large family. Nuclear family on the other side is a relatively small family which consists majorly of the father, mother and children only. In Nigeria and mostly other African countries, the large family is usually more dominant. The advantages of a large/extended family are among others highlighted below: -It has a lot of members and there is more than one earning member in a large family. see more:small family advantages and disadvantages wikipedia That is, there is more than one source of income for a large family. This makes it easier for family needs to be met and in time, more than it will be in a small family where the source of income comes only form the parents. In addition, members can help each other in bad times and in an unforeseen or emergency situation as every member of the family, especially those who provides the family income, will rally round to save such situation. -A large family has parents, children and uncles, aunties and grandparents. Therefore, children can enjoy the company of all the members. They are never alone. A large family also has a joyful atmosphere. Everyone has his/her story at the end of the day and they all sit and talk about their good experiences, their problems and possible solutions together. With this level of love shared within the family, it is same extended to the larger society, hence, reducing the rate of crime and bringing about love and unity among members of a society. -A large family can save money in various different ways. Because they all live together, the cost becomes low in total and they can save a lot. The share every household appliances and can live happily in one apartment with sufficient facilities for their use. On the other side, the following are the disadvantages of a large family: – There is hardly any privacy. In a large family, you may have to share bedrooms with your sisters or brothers. It is hard to have any time alone because there are so many people living in one house. – In addition, a large family often has more expenses than a small family. A large family has to budget their money so that everyone can have enough food and clothes to live. Sometimes, children or parents cannot buy what they want because they have to save money for others in the family. -In a large family, there is more responsibility on the parents to take care of all their children. It takes a lot of work by parents to make sure that all their children grow up to be good people. -Also, health issues can easily be spread across every member of the family once one member is affected as they have to share basically most of the equipments and amenities in the house among themselves. Reference: * http://level2writingskills.blogspot.com/2011/03/advantages-of-large-family.html * http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/family

Comparative Essay We The Animals And The Woman Warrior

Comparative Essay on We the Animals and The Woman Warrior In a literature world, some authors like to make up stories for fiction, and some authors collect facts to document information for non-fiction. As times had passed, there were many authors who would like to change their works, specifically non-fiction, a little bit by being creative, either by exaggerating the truth or creating an unnamed narrator based on the author himself or herself. There were two bestselling novels, We the Animals by Justin Torres and The Woman Warrior by Maxine Hong Kingston, that contain similar writing components, even though one is semi-biography and another is a memoir. However, both of the authors have the same idea of their inspiration for their†¦show more content†¦We were six snatching hands, six stomping feet; we were brothers, boys, three little kings locked in a feud for more† (Torres 1). This was a great way to start the book because he described those three brothers as chaoti c like a bunch of wild, untamed animals, but that is how boys would be most likely to act this way. Since he grew up with his brothers, he must have been knowing his brothers very close, as if they are best friends with each other. Having siblings would be the best part of a childhood when it comes to family first. For Kingston and her family, she had discovered something, or someone, that was surprising in her first chapter, â€Å"No Name Woman,† of The Woman Warrior, â€Å"‘You must not tell anyone,’ my mother said, ‘what I am about to tell you. In China your father had a sister who killed herself. She jumped into the family well. We say that your father has all brothers because it is as if she had never been born’† (Kingston 3). As the beginning of her storytelling from memory, it showed that Kingston’s late aunt was the first significant woman in her life because she represented a mysterious yet a forgotten woman without a name. Aft er hearing her mom’s narration, Kingston, who was interested in her late aunt, could have felt that deep connection with her when she appeared as a ghostly figure because she had been ignored and shunned by her own family. In other words, even though her dad and her uncles claimed that she did not exist,Show MoreRelated Defining Social Roles for Men and Women in India through Traditional Hindu Texts2532 Words   |  11 PagesSocial Roles for Men and Women in India through Traditional Hindu Texts Throughout this essay, I will discuss the social roles of men and women in the home, within rituals and within creation. I will look at the roles of a husband and wife, as well as Goddesses and Kings. 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