What Is The Digital Divide?

What Is The Digital Divide? One of the universes most significant issues is the consistently expanding hole between the rich and poor people. A little level of the universes populace appreciates extravagances while worldwide neediness is by all accounts expanding. A key part of this separation is the computerized isolate where a huge distinction as far as access to data correspondence innovation. All through creating countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America access to such innovation is constrained though in created countries individuals appreciate the comfort gave by such innovation and is progressively productive and successful through use of such innovation and furthermore makes the most of the instructive open doors made accessible by ICT (Tiene, 2002). The idea of the advanced partition can be clarified from two points of view: (1) the separation between nations who approach electronic data and those that don't, (2) the distinction in web proficiency between residents of creating and created country (Brooks, Donovan, Rumble, 2005). (http://www.ebscohost.com/transfers/imported/thisTopic-dbTopic-873.pdf) The subsequent situation is frequently considered as an immediate consequence of the previous where the absence of foundation made accessible doesn't make a domain appropriate to empower a higher education pace of utilization of the web. The advanced separation alludes for the most part to the division between the data rich and the data poor and is additionally used to partition the globe geologically like the NorthSouth polarity (Gudmonsdottir, 2005). The distinction in the gap can be credited to 5 variables, financial, geological, instructive, attitudinal and generational components. Data Communication Technology (ICT) has assumed a significant job in the 21st century. Be that as it may, utilization of such innovation remains total opposites when thought about among creating and created countries. The term advanced partition is utilized to depict circumstances where there are holes in the market as far as access to the utilization of ICT gadgets (Singh, 2012). The proportion of the computerized partition isn't constrained to access of the web and measures different holes, for example, access to versatile innovation and different types of informative innovation. As indicated by OECD (2001), the term advanced partition alludes to the hole between people, family units, business and geographic regions at the distinctive financial levels concerning their chances to access of ICTs and their utilization of the web. It mirrors the contrasts between and inside nations. With the end goal of this paper, it will look at the computerized partition utilizing the idea of those who are well off (spoke to by created nations) and the less wealthy (creating countries) alongside the key suspicions concerning how the advanced gap decides the fate of class, training and monetary limit with long haul and social political outcomes. The paper will additionally analyze the endeavors made by worldwide offices and the strategies that they have created to beat this gap and looks at the degree of accomplishment of these approaches. The computerized separate exists between nations with various degrees of progress and even inside the nation among urban and provincial territories (ITU, 2002). It is an aftereffect of the variations of society and is compared to the partitions made by salary, wellbeing and training. The essential purpose behind the dissimilarity is destitution where when a countrys residents have less cash it is more outlandish that they would utilize ICT (Figure 3). Contrast in access to ICT has made a distinction in the proportion of intensity in the public arena with the advanced gap reflecting how force is being disseminated. The advanced gap regarding figures 1 and 2, can be seen that created countries are among those with the most elevated web infiltration bragging entrance over 60%. Creating countries speak to the lower half as far as web entrance and don't have a .25% infiltration among the 10 nations with the least web entrance. Web use among those nations is to a great extent connected wit h the more evolved urban communities and use of web in provincial regions is practically inconceivable. ] Late endeavors by associations have indicated proof that the advanced separation is contracting. Creating countries have had the option to expand the quantity of web clients by 2% in 1991 to 23% in2001. In any case, headways in innovation has prompted another type of computerized separate where movements have been produced using essential to cutting edge communciations. This is harder to gauge as it quantifies the nature of ICT utilized. For instance, global web transfer speed is a decent proportion of clients encounters as the more noteworthy the data transmission the speedier the reaction time improving proficiency. Correlations among created and creating countries can be represented where the 400,000 residents in Luxembourg have progressively worldwide web transmission capacity contrasted with Africas 760 million residents. The highspeed web get to made accessible in created countries permits web clients to better quality access and permits them access to further developed locales that permit video spilling as opposed to fundamental use like browsing messages. Effect of the Digital Divide The computerized partition and its effect on creating countries economies is that of a winding where they don't have the economy to help the foundation important to permit creating countries to use innovation to level the upper hands with created countries. Essential worries among creating countries is that poor nations have all the more squeezing concerns, for example, concentrating on food, social insurance and fundamental needs of the individuals instead of concentrating on mechanical headway (http://www.masternewmedia.org/news/2007/01/27/the_digital_divide_issues_and.htm). Thus, creating countries do not have the abilities of setting up the framework important to permit their countries to have wide enough inclusion to be successful. This sets their nation in a place where they schools can't show IT aptitudes fundamental in increasingly industrialized ventures which would help move a nation past a horticultural themed economy. Additionally, it puts understudies from these schools off guard as they can't exploit the tremendous measures of data accessible on the web. In examination, created countries can enroll profoundly prepared people who are prepared which empowers them to deliver all the more giving the nation a higher monetary development. Additionally, nations that come up short on the IT foundation will be not able to complete internet business or e-organizations placing themselves off guard in the worldwide market. With online business speaking to 12% of retail deals in the United States, it demonstrates the effect of innovation in the market. It likewise improves generally development of an economy by diminishing expenses of certain procedures, for example, the end of the physical stores, simplicity of promoting, lessening search costs and improving effectiveness of working together. Likewise, access to versatile innovation significantly affects economies of created and creating nations. In creating nations the effect is progressively articulated as in Wavermans model a creating nation an expansion of 10 cell phones for each 100 individuals helps support the GDP development by .6 rate focuses. To delineate this, in Bangladesh, ranchers and anglers utilize these cell phones as a methods for distinguishing the best costs they can get for their merchandise. Private companies can utilize cell phones as a way to look for items. Utilization of innovation as such decreases exchange costs, widens exchange systems and diminishes the requirement for transportation and expands the exchange organize (http://www.economist.com/hub/3742817?story_id=3742817). Be that as it may, as creating countries don't have the foundation set up to permit expansive utilization of such innovation, it decreases the creation capacity of the people in their nation lessening their seriousness on the worldwide scale. One of the most significant impacts of the computerized partition is the effect it has on instructive endeavors in creating countries. With the utilization of computerized innovation, it awards access for understudies to a lot of data inciting considerations in powerful manners and urges them to work all the more effectively. Without access to ICT, creating countries face the chance of being not able to stay aware of their companions. The United Nations Development Program in its Human Development Report for 2001, noticed that the innovation partition is reliable with the pattern of following the salary isolate over the globe. An absence of instruction in ICT places residents of a creating country in a more vulnerable situation of profiting by new innovations fortifying the monetary differences between the rich and poor (Henry, 2012). The computerized separate in the cultural sense can be compared to occasions before, like the mechanical unrest. Investigating the Meiji Restoration in Japan, it very well may be seen that with the industrialization it empowered universal seriousness and financial advantages which thus prompted Japan having the option to contend on a worldwide scale. Acquainting industrialization has driven Japan with become an all inclusive perceived power on the planet with incredible mechanical progression in assembling and data innovation. In correlation be that as it may, countries who presently can't seem to embrace industrialization can see their GDP per capita and expectations for everyday comforts at rate extensively lower contrasted with Japan. ICT selection of countries in the created world is extensively more prominent in contrast with creating countries as they have better access regarding assets and have the current foundation to help it. ICT selection regarding the advanced separation can make an equal breakdown to a considerably more prominent degree in correlation with the modern unrest. The ICT unrest makes obstructions, for example, access to data, rebuilding society and making level systems separated by access to data innovation. Contrasts in the size of innovation reception

Glaciation Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Glaciation - Lab Report Example The stream this mass of ice disintegrates the surface on which it proceeds onward making particular arrangements en route (Zappa, 2010 p20). Ice sheets are a wellspring of ground water and tremendous lakes since they dam conduits and conceal catchment territories adding to spring development. These springs are an expansive wellspring of crisp drinking water. They are wellsprings of rich soils from frosty tills and produce physical highlights that are of tasteful incentive to the scene. Highlights like tills and outwash are of gigantic prudent significance since they are plentiful in minerals expanding the ripeness of farmlands (Walker, 2007 p16). Testimony highlights like drumlins are enormous wellsprings of minerals for the encompassing grounds particularly arable land. Chilly highlights like eskers, stones, drumlins and pyramid tops are particular scene includes that enhance scenes. The different sorts of icy masses are brilliant wellsprings of data with respect to different orders like transformative sciences. Valley, piedmont, and cirque icy masses are instances of ice sheets that are dominatingly basic on the planet. Icy masses are valuable geological highlights particularly concerning the wellspring of drinking water. Icy masses ought to be secured by supporting for a decrease in a dangerous atmospheric devation, which meddles with, their normal procedure of development and

Financial statements and considered very important-Free Samples

Question: How fiscal summaries considered significant? Answer: Introducation: The announcement of bookkeeping idea 1 arrangements with the meaning of the detailing substances. These announcements advise what element is said to be a revealing element and which substance is barred from being called so. In basic terms, the substances that need to offer money related expressions so as to give the clients of such explanation valid and reasonable situation about the monetary position and solidness such elements are known as announcing elements. They are qualified for set up their fiscal report as per the bookkeeping principles and the announcements of bookkeeping ideas. On the off chance that they neglect to keep such principles, at that point they may not give real data to the partners. The reports arranged by the substances are broadly utilized by the partners to settle on a choice with respect to their ventures (Accounting for Small Business Owners, 2017). Articulation of Accounting Concept 1 There are sure elements that require getting ready monetary reports as recommended by specific guidelines and guidelines. Notwithstanding, some of them are even prohibited. As per this idea all substances regardless of its size, nature of activity, authoritative document whether benefit arranged or not having a place with private or open part ought to plan monetary reports if there exists any clients who are reliant on these money related reports to take their choices (Anon, 2017). There may exist an individual element or a gathering of substances working together. Such gathering of elements may have a controlling expert on one another. The two theories sort of elements will be secured under the meaning of announcing substances. Any gathering which is secured under the term of monetary element will be viewed as a revealing element regardless of whether the client of such money related reports doesn't exist. One of the elements that is remembered for the gathering of substances will have a power over different elements to accomplish the target that is set up by the controlling position. The control here implies any sort of monetary reliance legitimately or in a roundabout way, arrangement or excusals of administrators or the administering body of the substance, and a definitive force so as to coordinate the exercises of the element (Breitner and Anthony, 2013). If there should arise an occurrence of an individual, on the off chance that he can send assets, at that point however its goal is to accomplish individual gains and doesn't fulfills the state of falling under the meaning of monetary substance then it doesn't need to get ready money related reports (Dyckman, Magee and Pfeiffer, 2014). As far we have come to realize that if a substance has clients of the monetary reports who utilizes them so as to take choices for their asset allotment then it is necessary to get ready such money related reports. It is significant for the organization to distinguish the clients of these reports before the planning (Easton, 2015). The variables that are utilized to distinguish the clients are demonstrative just and can be recognized based on three primary classifications the division existing between the proprietorship and the administration, the monetary and political impact and certain money related attributes (Edmonds et al., 2016). Division among the executives and possession The bigger the space between the administration and the responsibility for organization there are more possibilities that there exist clients of the money related reports for their dynamic (Harrison, Horngren and Thomas, n.d.). Monetary and political impact If the element holds a significant situation with respect to legislative issues and monetary conditions then there are higher odds of the presence of the clients of the fiscal reports to designate their asset in the best spot. Monetary attributes Financial qualities incorporates the size of activity, the estimation of benefits held, obligation of the organization just as the quantity of laborers that are utilized (Ittelson, 2009). Such elements that has these attributes present are relied upon to have clients that might be subject to the fiscal reports so as to contribute and apportion their assets productively. The primary reason for the readiness of such monetary reports is to give right data about the money related security and position of an element with the goal that the clients can settle on a savvy choice of assigning their asset in the most ideal spot (Kimmel, Weygandt and Kieso, n.d.). Notwithstanding, if ther are any sort of data which is viewed as materialistic yet has been covered then it might lead these clients to take an off-base choice. In this manner, the money related reports ought to be set up with additional consideration and due constancy so all material realities are revealed appropriately and no realities are hidden. The element should be sufficiently fit to utilize the asset in the most effective manner with the goal that the clients can decide about the budgetary state of the substance in the pending years. On the off chance that the assets are used in an ideal way, at that point it will assist the partners with feeling safe about their venture and furthermore assist them with producing better yields (Loughran, 2011). The administration of the organization should be sufficiently educated to apportion the assets in the best spot to get the best outcomes (Piper, 2015). It is significant for each partner to think about the past and current patterns of a substance before taking its choices (Pratt, 2014). It empowers to contrast the current execution and the past and learn that what is the degree of progress that the organization has appeared. The budget reports give different data, for example, the benefit and liabilities alongside the costs and gains (Spiceland, Thomas and Herrmann, 2011). The benefits of the organization mirror the budgetary position and security to take care of the liabilities. It gives a general thought of the going worry of the organization by deciding the key budgetary proportions with the assistance of the fiscal reports. The salary and costs uncovers the nonstop progression of assets and whether the costs that were acquired were really required or inefficient. In the event that the substance is found to make inefficient consumptions, at that point the partners may not check out those organizations as these are the indications of poor administration (Warren, Reeve and Duchac, n.d.). The fiscal reports ought to be set up with full information and honesty since it not just mirrors the monetary presentation of the organization yet in addition the non-money related perspectives are secured in that. The partners so as to check the companys mindfulness towards the general public look at the social obligation conveyed (Weil, 2014). An element isn't viewed as productive just when it has a decent gainfulness yet it ought to likewise satisfy its obligation towards the general public. In this manner, legitimate divulgences of the corporate social obligation that the substance has performed ought to be revealed in the budgetary reports. The partners trust their well deserved cash with the organization thus it is their entitlement to get right data and give them back great returns. Along these lines, the substance ought exclude any such off-base actuality in the fiscal summaries which would impact the choice of the partners and deceive them. All the data furnished ought to be as per the different bookkeeping ideas and guidelines. The resistance of the bookkeeping gauges prompts infringement of law and is culpable (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso, n.d.). On the off chance that the organization neglects to agree to these guidelines and guidelines or on the off chance that there is any deformity found in the fiscal reports, at that point the there will be a gigantic loss of notoriety in the market and it will turn out to be extremely hard for them to endure and have an adequate piece of the overall industry. In this way, a revealing element must give all significant data in the budget summaries which will empower the clients to take choices astutely (Williams et al., 2015). End The bookkeeping idea 1 characterizes the substances that falls under the classification of revealing element, the elements which fall in such class has been appropriately expressed previously. These substances require to offer money related expressions on consistence with specific guidelines and guidelines in light of the fact that these reports are significant and exceptionally impact the choices of different partners. It is significant for them to have total data preceding the dynamic. References Representing Small Business Owners. (2017). first ed. Rockridge Pr. Anon, (2017). first ed. Breitner, L. what's more, Anthony, R. (2013). Center ideas of bookkeeping. first ed. Boston [u.a.]: Pearson. Dyckman, T., Magee, R. what's more, Pfeiffer, G. (2014). Monetary bookkeeping. first ed. [Westmont, Illinois]: Cambridge Business Publishers. Easton, P. (2015). Money related Accounting for MBAs. first ed. [Cambridge, UK]: Cambridge Business Publishers. Edmonds, T., Edmonds, C., McNair, F. what's more, Olds, P. (2016). Key budgetary bookkeeping ideas. first ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Harrison, W., Horngren, C. what's more, Thomas, C. (n.d.). Monetary bookkeeping. first ed. Ittelson, T. (2009). Budget reports: A Step-by-step Guide to Understanding and Creating Financial Reports. first ed. Vocation Press. Kimmel, P., Weygandt, J. what's more, Kieso, D. (n.d.). Money related Accounting. first ed. Loughran, M. (2011). Money related representing fakers. first ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Flute player, M. (2015). Bookkeeping made basic. first ed. [United States]: [CreateSpace Pub.]. Pratt, J. (2014). Money related bookkeeping. first ed. Hoboken NJ: Wiley. Spiceland, J., Thomas, W. what's more, Herrmann, D. (2011). Money related bookkeeping. first ed. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Warren, C., Reeve, J. what's more, Duchac, J. (n.d.). Money related bookkeeping. first ed. Weil, R. (2014). Money related bookkeeping. first ed. Artisan, Ohio: South-Western. Weygandt, J., Kimmel, P. what's more, Kieso, D. (n.d.). Money related bookkeeping. first ed. Williams, J., Haka, S., Bettner, M. what's more, Carcello, J. (2015). Money related bookkeeping. first ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

The Closed Door in The Island of Doctor Moreau and In Memoriam - Literature Essay Samples

In presenting the concept of the closed door, it advocates the very opposite idea that, once, the door was open. With this knowledge there comes a possibility that perhaps a closed door can be opened again, suggesting that there are two sides to a doorway. If this metaphor is continued, the ‘closed door’ can be seen as the boundary, a common theme among 1890’s writers. Both texts – Tennyson’s ‘In Memorium’ and Wells’ The Island of Doctor Moreau –challenge this ‘closed door’ staying as it is. Tennyson’s poetry almost seems as if, through the power of language, he wishes to open this door that separate the living and the dead, himself and Hallam. Wells uses this idea of the ‘closed door’ less philosophically, and more as a metaphor to suggest a permanently open door; this is one that bridges the otherwise separate gap between beast and man, epitomized in Dr Moreau’s vivisection. Whilst each writer explores crossing this boundary through their words, they both fail to realize the responsibility that accompanies their actions. Whether it is reaching for the dead, or attempting to turn beast to man, all actions have consequences. And this is what epitomizes both texts as fiction of the 1890’s; a sense of the progressive yet fatal that comes with opening the door to a new century. H.G Well’s opening quote presents an image of the ‘closed door’ as physical. Yet, in the context of Tennyson’s poetry, it becomes symbolic of a boundary between past and present. James Spedding suggests Tennyson to be ‘a man always discontented with the Present till it has become the Past, and then he yearns toward it and worships it.’ In Memorium presents an obsession with the boundary between these two binaries. As Spedding suggests, Tennyson can neither exist in content in the present, nor fully reach the ideals of his past. This creates a self-inflicted purgatory as part his grief, enhanced by his physical return to Hallam’s house, mirroring the mental journey he takes in to this past memory: Dark house, by which once more I stand [†¦] Doors, where my heart was used to beat Alongside the suggested metaphor, the spiritual is shown also in a material door, that leads to the dark house. As the speaker is physically unable to pass through the door, Tennyson is unable to fully enter the boundaries of the living. In refusing to fully exist, this almost suggests a willingness to sacrifice his own life in order to drag the past to the present that he is so discontented with. This concept is fostered by the detachment from Tennyson’s mental and physical state. In stating his heart ‘used to beat’ within these boundaries, it suggests that in all other locations, that are not active representations of Hallam’s life, his heart cannot. In this yearning for the past, the narrator also actively rejects the present. He ‘[stands]’, whilst others continue moving through life around him, suggesting an inability to also move emotionally beyond his grief. Therefore, this ‘closed door’ becomes one that Tennyson both yearns to reach back through, yet simultaneously cannot. As previously explored, the symbol of the ‘closed door’ is multi-faceted. In H.G. Wells’ fantastical novel, it comes to represent the boundary between beast and human. After centuries of debate, one of the defining features that separate man from animal is language. However, Wells’ science fiction challenges this in suggesting the boundary –in essence, the closed door –between language and communication is not as set as previously portrayed. As Dr Moreau continues his vivisection, the Beast-Folk are introduced to the human language. Yet, as they start to recede, as does their understanding. Can you imagine language, once clear-cut and exact, softening and guttering, losing shape and import, becoming mere lumps of sound again? (Wells, p.93) This ever-developing image presents the reader with a further metaphor; the ‘closed door’ between realism and science fiction is emphasized by the inquisitive. Wells implies that this is a world full of creatures that one can only ‘imagine’; the readers themselves cross a boundary from the realistic to the imaginary in the act of reading. Additionally, this literature alludes to the fear of degeneration. With a new century approaching, this implies the fear that the human language will recede to a beast’s ‘mere lumps of sound’. This fear means that ‘[imagining]’ could fast become reality. One must then consider if language is connected to understanding. Garner suggests that ‘a man cannot think without words’. This implies that one cannot reach the intellectual level of humanity without the ability to form words out loud. Yet, it perhaps also suggests that if a creature, such as Dr Moreau’s beasts, were to speak words, it could achieve this intelligence, and thus become more human. This concept begins to bridge the gap between man and beast, and the door is flung open through these experiments, whether humani ty is ready or not. Yet, the degeneration of language to mere ‘softening and guttering’ ‘lumps of sounds’ perhaps suggests otherwise. Moreau has given these creates the ability to speak, but that is all. As beasts, they cannot reason or think independently, and mind remains separate from voice. Therefore, what is seemingly a process that will unite beast and man in understanding only separates them further. Despite Moreau’s best efforts, the door between the animal and human realms remains shut. Thus far, the ‘closed door’ has been considered as an emotional, intellectual, and spiritual barrier. Yet, it must also be considered a construct that forms a social barrier, between the wider world and the culture that each writer creates. Tennyson creates an enclosed experience of grief, and Wells’ presents the reader with a perverted Eden. Both of their environments are closed off from the outer world, yet also come to represent larger experiences. For example, Dr Moreau’s island, seemingly separated from reality of by a ‘closed door’ can be seen as a metaphor and of the critical and strict Victorian society. I had before me the whole balance of human life in miniature, the whole interplay of instinct, reason, and fate in its simplest form. (Wells, p.77) Wells claims that Dr Moreau’s island, and the struggle between man and beast, can represent ‘the whole balance of human life’. This suggests that vivisection, whilst not physically, is perhaps more prominent in our everyday lives than ever previously thought. A civilized person must conduct a type of perverted vivisection in their own lives; they must fight against brute instincts, and choose reason in order to adhere to the ideals of a Victorian society. Yet, perhaps the most interesting point to note is perspective. Thus far, each protagonist has been considered as on either side of a ‘closed door’, yearning to reach the other side. In this instance, Prendrick is wholly detached, and viewing a concept as one, rather than separated by this boundary. Additionally, this suggests a difference in Wells’ narrative perspective. Prendrick’s extended vision almost suggests an elevated, God-like status. It could then be argued that whether this boundary remains or not, is based upon the individual, and their assumed power. Therefore, in this context, the ‘closed door’ becomes about familiarity, or lack of. The islandà ¢â‚¬â„¢s physical separation from society allows a detached, and subsequently more critical, view of society. And this is a commentary that seems not only sophisticated, but familiar, as if a piece written in a newspaper. Yet, despite this, it cannot be forgotten that there are many ‘closed doors’ still separating Moreau’s island from civilization; not only the boundary between fiction and reality, but that of science and reason. Wells’ statement addresses this metaphorical door as ‘closed’, a binary that suggests it’s opposite as ‘open’. And it is suggested by both texts that perhaps the natural order would either be an open door –a complete epiphany of knowledge –or closed, where all mysteries remain untouched. However, it is arguably not important whether this boundary is metaphorical or physical, and in what scenario. Perhaps what both Wells and Tennyson imply is the need for this ‘closed door’ to in fact remain partially open. Without this possibility of discovering the hidden –whether it be scientific, emotional, or social –then existence would certainly be mundane. Therefore, to achieve this ‘balance’ in our lives, one needs to accept that we cannot entirely shut off what we fear. There will always be the beast within man, and grief in the everyday existence; the door will never fully be shut, and this should be wholly accepted.

Italian Verb Conjugations Vestirsi (To Wear or Get Dressed)

Study of Supply Chain Management of Hindustan Unilever...

A Project Report On â€Å"Study of supply Channel Management of Hindustan Unilever Limited.† [pic] Submitted By Partho mukherjee PGDM (operations) Sem 3rd under the guidance of mr. Vivek swami sinhgad institute of business administrationresearch S. NO. 40/4A+4B/1 NEARPMCOCTROI POST, KONDHWA –SASWAD ROAD, KONDHWA (BK) PUNE-411048 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. /Ms PARTHO MUKHERJEE student of SINHGAD INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH; Pune has completed report of â€Å"STUDY OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT OF HINDUSTAN UNILEVER LIMITED† academic year†¦show more content†¦3. To understand the way how they make smooth their processes. 4. Which channel level is adopting by company? 5. What is the benefit to the customer from company`s channel management? SUMMARY I am doing my management thesis on Distribution Channel management of Hindustan Unilever Limited. For smooth running Channel management is very important to every firm. Now a day’s FMCG sector is booming sector. In India there are very few organized retailer like PG, ITC, and HUL etc. In it Hindustan Unilever Limited is one of the leading Organized Retailer. There are four types of P`s Product, Price, Place and Promotion. In this four P`s Place means Distribution . Distribution Channel management means, this is one of the P from 4 P`s. frequently there may be a chain of intermediaries; each passing the product down the chain to the next organization, before it finally reaches the consumer or end-user. There are alternate channels of distribution channel may be available. I. Direct sell. II. Agent III. Distributors IV. Retailers. V. Brokers. Distribution channels can thus have a number of levels. There are four types of distribution channels. I. Zero level. II. One level. III. Two level. IV. Three level. Research Methodology Research Methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. The Research Methodology includes the various methods andShow MoreRelatedOperations strategy of HUL1694 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ COMPANY OVERVIEW HUL or Hindustan Unilever is a corporate giant in the fast moving consumer goods industry in the Indian market which was formed in 1933 as Lever Brothers India Limited. Its headquarter is in Mumbai, India. The company provides employment for more than 41,000 employees. With its 20 plus brands it announces its presence to various consumer segments. HUL covers about 6.4 million outlets in all over the country. The HUL products have made their presence in our country so strongRead MoreSummary of Indian Companies1550 Words   |  6 PagesITC Limited ITC Limited is an Indian public conglomerate company (25.4% owned by British corporation, British American Tobacco) headquartered in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Its diversified business includes four segments: Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG), Hotels, Paperboards, Paper Packaging and Agri Business. ITCs annual turnover stood at $7 billion and market capitalization of over $34 billion. The company has its registered office in Kolkata. It started off as the Imperial Tobacco CompanyRead MoreDist Channel3946 Words   |  16 PagesCONTENTS * Concept * Types of channel distribution * Channel Design * Functions * Cost Allocation * Advantages amp; Disadvantages * Case Study * Conclusion Bucklin Theory of Distribution Channel Structure 1966 â€Å"A channel of distribution comprises a set of institutions which perform all of the activities utilised to move a product and its title from production to consumption.† Our paper today focuses on the â€Å"appraisal of distribution channelsRead MoreBusiness Ethics and Csr - Hul4166 Words   |  17 PagesIntroduction Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) is Indias largest Fast Moving Consumer Goods Company with a heritage of over 75 years in India and touches the lives of two out of three Indians. HUL works to create a better future every day and helps people feel good, look good and get more out of life with brands and services that are good for them and good for others. With over 35 brands spanning 20 distinct categories such as soaps, detergents, shampoos, skin care, toothpastes, deodorants, cosmeticsRead MoreAn Analysis of Marketing Competitive Strategies Adopted by Hindustan Unilever Limited in Rural Area9906 Words   |  40 Pages[pic] Major Research Project On â€Å"An Analysis of Marketing Competitive strategies adopted by Hindustan Unilever Limited in Rural Area† For the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MBA (Full Time) Batch 2010-12 Submitted By: Guided By SUMIT WASNIK Prof. S.P. TRIPATHI MBA (Full Time) 4th SEM. ( IBMR) RollRead MoreUnilever2565 Words   |  11 PagesContents Global Networks and Innovation of Unilever Company 3 1. Introduction 3 2. Internationalization strategy 3 3. Visualization and interpretation of the parent-subsidiary network 4 3.1 Betweenness Centrality 5 3.1 Density of Network 7 3.3 Degree Centrality 8 4. Analysis of the organization’s Network 8 4.1 Locational aspects 8 4.2 Activity aspects 9 4.3 Size aspects 9 5. Implications for the innovation strategy of Unilever 9 5.1 Meeting consumer needs 10 5.2 IntroductionRead MoreLux Marketing Mix9703 Words   |  39 Pagesyouporn.com ABSTRACT Hindustan Unilever Ltd. is a well-known and largest FMCG company in India. HUL has always revamped its products to meet the changing needs of the consumer without compromising on the quality. This report deals with one of its premier brands LUX. HUL leads the market in the toilet soap category with 54.3% market share. Lux has inched up to be on par with Lifebuoy in HULs soaps portfolio. The Lux brand now has an almost equal market share as Hindustan Levers largest sellingRead MoreIntroduction to Fmcg Industry8866 Words   |  36 Pageselectronic products. White goods in FMCG refer to household electronic items such as Refrigerators, T.Vs, Music Systems, etc. In 2005, the Rs. 48,000-crore FMCG segment was one of the fast growing industries in India. According to the AC Nielsen India study, the industry grew 5.3% in value between 2004 and 2005. http://www.chillibreeze.com/articles_various/fmcg-in-india.asp Creating a strong brand identity, leveraging new product categories and growing the customer base are core concerns for consumerRead MorePG India Supply Chain Analysis11039 Words   |  45 PagesSupply Chain Strategy, Performance and Risks: Tools and Techniques Introduction â€Å"Our Purpose works to unify us in a common cause and growth strategy. It is powerful because it promotes a simple idea to improve the lives of the world’s consumers every day. Pamp;G grows by touching and improving more consumers’ lives in more parts of the world...more completely.† - Pamp;G â€Å"At Pamp;G, we touch lives in small but meaningful ways. Billions of them. Every day.† Procter amp; Gamble Co. is a multinationalRead MoreSustainable Tea at Unilever10669 Words   |  43 PagesrP os t 9-712-438 REV: DECEMBER 21, 2011 REBECCA M. HENDERSON FREDERIK NELLEMANN Sustainable Tea at Unilever op yo To survive and prosper over the long term, learn how to adapt your business model by making it servant to society and the environment. Not the other way around. — Paul Polman, CEO, Unilever In 2010 Unilever announced its commitment to a new â€Å"Sustainable Living Plan†, a document that set wide-ranging company-wide goals for improving the health and well-being

Sony Playstation 3 Case Study free essay sample

Page COMPANY BACKGROUND2 SWOT ANALYSIS3 STRENGTHS 3 WEAKNESSES4 OPPORTUNITIES6 THREATS7 Threat of Competitor7 Threat of Buyer7 Threat of Suppliers7 Threat of Substitutes8 Threat of New Entrance8 Other threats8 PROBLEMS / ISSUES9 Lose of Market Share 9 Unethical Business Strategy9 Product Disadvantage/Defect10 Expensive Product, High Manufacturing Cost and Negative Profit11 Differentiation12 Over Confidence12 Longer Software Development Cycle12 Heavy Criticism from Media13 SOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS14 Market Strategy14 Product Strategy14 Promotional Strategy15 Pricing Strategy15 Distribution Strategy16 CONCLUSION17 Exhibit 118 Exhibit 218 COMPANY BACKGROUND Sony Corporation was founded in Tokyo, in 1945, by Masaru Ibuka and Akio Morita, as the Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation (Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo (TTK)). The company built Japan’s first tape recorder called, the Type G. Then in early 1950s, TTK convinced Bell Laboratories to license its new transistor technology and became the first company to successfully apply the technology to consumer’s radios. In August 1955, TTK released the Sony TR-55; Japan’s first commercially produced transistor radio followed with Sony TR – 72 which was successful in both domestic and overseas market till early sixties. In 1958, TTK changed its name to Sony (derived from Latin word ‘Sonus’ for sound and English slang word sonny (to address a boy)). The company later expanded into televisions, stereos and home entertainment products with successful range of products such as Betamax (video recorder), Walkman (world’s first portable music player), Trinitron (television, Vaio (laptop) and the most successful Play Station 2. Over the years, Sony has introduced these standards: Standards| Years| Standards| Years| Umatic| ~1968| Digital Betacam| ~1990| Betamax| 1975| miniDV| 1992| Betacam| 1981| DVD with others| ~1995| Compact Disc with Philips| 1982| DVCAM| 1996| . 5 inch Floppy Disk| 1982| Digital8| 1999| Video8| 1985| Universal Media Disc| ~2003| DAT| 1987| HDV with JVC| ~2004| Hi8| 1988| Blu-ray Disc with Panasonic and others| 2006| MiniDisc| ~1990| | | In 2006, Sony had an annual net income of $ 1 billion on 64. 5 billion revenues. Their revenue in 2010 was $ 77. 2 billion. Their h ighest revenue recorded in 2008 which is close to $ 90 billion. SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS Sony has a strong brand name with varieties of successful product such as Walkman, Trinitron T. V and PlayStation (PS). This was proved by Sony becoming the first company to successfully apply the technology to consumer adios. By the late 1950s, Sony also had become one of the world’s leading producers of radios. Then, Sony expanded into televisions, stereos, and other home entertainment product. Sony had a long history of product innovation that had resulted in well-known brands, such as Betamax, Trinitron, and Walkman. Sony’s PlayStation also well-known among consumer when PlayStation 2 (PS2) had become the world’s bestselling video game console with more than 100 million units sold. Sony is financially strong and able to invest in new products and technologies. In 2006, their annual net income was $ 1 billion on 64. billion revenues. Their revenue in 2008 was close to $ 90 billion and in 2010 was $ 77. 2 billion. The financial strength will make Sony strong and can withstand any circumstances. One of Sony’s greatest strengths is their ability to produce innovative, quality products. Begin with tape recorder in 1945. Then, Sony had extended their product by producing the transistor radios by the late 1950s; Betamix tapes in 1975; the Walkman portable music player in 1979; the VHS players in 1988; the Compact Disc (CD) in mid 1990s and the PlayStation 3 in 2006. Since the company was established, Sony had produced many different products in the World market. They have made an impact in the video game market, the PC market, and especially the television market and there are still numerous others. Their Play Station 2 enjoyed a huge success in the market thus made Sony as a leader in gaming industry. PS3 system is powered by the Cell Broadband EngineTM, revolutionary microprocessor that leapfrogs the performance of existing processors giving the PS3 system supercomputer like power and performance. It also equipped with a built in Blu-rayTM Disc player so users can enjoy high definition gaming and movies. Blu-ray offers developers unprecedented storage capacity so they can fully express their creativity and pristine picture quality at 1080p, the highest definition resolution available today. It supports a broad range of displays from conventional or standard TVs to the latest full HD flat panel displays. As well as gaming it also allows users to access internet and allow them to play video or audio files. The PS3 system comes standard with Giga-bit Ethernet and a pre-installed upgradeable Hard Disk Drive (HDD) so user can download a variety of content as well as access online games and services over the networks. WEAKNESSES Sony’s biggest and most recent weakness is their lack of innovation with PS3. Sony focused on digital technology when building the PS3 and it has the ability to export video in high-definition. It is not compatible with common devices. This technology can only be viewed on a high definition TV so a lot of people will not even be able to see the full potential as what it has to offer. One of Sony’s biggest weaknesses is their reluctance to adapt the competitor’s technology. This can be seen in the case of Betamax where it has more quality than VHS but shorter recording time. Customers prefers longer recording time and chose VHS. Finally Sony abandoned Betamax and adapts JVS’s VHS technology. Same scenario happened with Walkman that loses out to Apple’s I Pod. Sony was also reluctant to license out its technology to competitor and therefore their product was produced and marketed by Sony only where else their competitor licensed out their product and produced and marketed by various parties. Another downfall to the PS3 is the price. The Sony PlayStation 3 was the most expensive console ever launched, with a price tag of $600, or $500 for a stripped down version with smaller hard drive and no wireless module. In fact, the basic console cost Sony almost as much to make as the premium model. Despite Sony’s willingness to subsidize each console purchase, many users complained that the PS3 cost $200 more than the Xbox 360. Besides, the product uses the Blu-ray format which means that the games sold for PS3 also expensive. Sony could not produce the planned number of PS 3 consoles within time. Most people were disappointed because of delayed in launched of PS3. Sony also unable to manufacture the anticipated one million consoles needed to meet market demand. By the time the PS3 was launched in North America on November 17, 2006, retailers had fewer than 200,000 units to distribute. The weakness of the PS3 is even deeper when considering the range of video game selections. Customers lamented the PS3’s lack of interesting games, spotty support for PlayStation 2 games, and uninspiring online capabilities. The PlayStation 3 launched with only 15 titles, the majority of which were franchise games that had previously been available for the Xbox 360. The majority of games available are all first-person shooter games, which appeal to a particular market. There are few games that appeal to a different section of video games. Even though Sony advertised that the PS3 would be â€Å"backward compatible† with virtually all of the â€Å"thousands of great games. In reality, only a few titles worked properly on the system. OPPORTUNITIES Due to PS3 includes a standard hard drive, a high definition Blu-ray optical drive, HD video output, Bluetooth wireless controllers, WiFi wireless networking likely as a Personnel Computer, therefore Sony must truly convince a customer about the advance features of PS3. Customer can utilize the Blu-ray function for watching movie and can save and also back up anything on the console. This is also a technology for future generation. Sony still has the opportunity to increase their sales by introducing more exciting games as it’s the keys of success. Sony must be able to provide quality game titles to the platform. Customer felt down by Sony’s because they promises for better looking games. However, it didn’t meet a customer expectation. Therefore, Sony must consider the customer’s preference before introducing new games titles. The PlayStation 3 has a lot of reputation due to its predecessors. Its predecessors, the acclaimed Playstation 2 (PS2), had already become the world’s bestselling video game console with more than 100 million units sold. By using the success of PlayStation 2, Sony can easily market their products. Sony also could penetrate to new market target. Currently, the target market for the PlayStation 3 was 18 to 35 year old male gamers with above average education and high degree of comfort with new technology. Sony could penetrate their market to beyond these age group and females to increase the sales. They should produce the games that can suit these group and it will give them an opportunity to increase their market share. THREATS To understand further the threat faced by Sony, the threat analysis was done based on Porter’s five forces: Threat of Competitor Sony top competitors in the gaming industry are Nintendo Wii and Microsoft Xbox 360. The PlayStation 3 sales have fallen behind. In early 2007, PS3 had dropped to fourth place in the United States (see Exhibit 1 and 2). Worldwide, the Nintendo Wii outsold the PS3 by a ratio of two to one, and total global PS3 sales through to March 2007 numbered 1. 5 million units, compared to 5 million units of the Nintendo Wii and more than 10 million units of the Xbox 360. Threat of Buyer The PlayStation 3 was targeted to only a certain group of people that are from age range of 18 – 35 years old with above average education and a high degree of comfort with new technology. Therefore the product can only be sold to this particular group and they posed a threat to Sony. If this group of people decided not to buy the PlayStation 3, then Sony will fail in the market. It’s actually became a fact where after some time users noticed the PS 3 is no better than Xbox 360 and Wii and started buying the latter due to cheaper price and easy to use. Returns were piled up in outlets that were selling PlayStation 3 and sales became slow. Threat of Suppliers Due to the advanced graphics engines and processors utilized in PlayStation 3, it increased the burden of the software developers (suppliers) and took onger development cycle. Besides this the cost of development is very high. The developers also couldn’t stretch their development cost on multiple platform rather than single platform due to Sony’s reluctance to license out it’s technologies to others. Therefore only a small number of companies are willing to take the challenge to develop the software for PlayStation 3. This would eventually make Sony dependant on their suppliers and the suppliers may hold Sony for ransom if things does not work out well. This is a major threat that Sony should aware of. Threat of Substitutes Prior to the launch of PlayStation 3, public were in the opinion that PS 3 is a very advanced console and is totally different from those available in the market. The murder of few people and chaos during the launch in North America is solid evidence that consumers wants to buy this console at whatever cost. It looks like there is no substitute for PS 3 and it will enjoy a huge success. But after the product was launched and users found it more or less same as Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii, the sales of PS 3 dropped. Both Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii are seen as substitute for PS 3. In fact Xbox and Wii outclassed PS 3 in sales. Therefore the threat of substitute (Xbox and Wii) is another major setback for Sony. Threat of New Entrance Since the manufacturing costs are high and require high technology, PlayStation 3 does not really face any threat of new entrance. Those who want to venture into this business must have high capital and the skill (technology) to produce a console equivalent to PS 3. Therefore the threat of new entrance can be ruled out. Other threats In May 2011, Sony expected to lose total of $ 3. 2 billion for the year due to effects of the Japanese earthquake. The forecast of $ 3. 2 billion loss was quite different to earlier projection of a profit of $857 million for the year. This projected loss may weakened Sony’s financial strength and restrict them from investing in new technology and to expand their business at the moment. PROBLEMS / ISSUES Sony’s problem in making the PlayStation 3 a success can be relate back to even before the launching of Play Station 3. Several major problems faced by Sony are as below:- Lost of Market Share Back in 1980s, Sony has enjoyed success with its Betamax, Trinitron and Walkman. However the company was very protective of its intellectual property and reluctant to license its technology to competitors. As a result, Sony products often lost market to inferior technologies offered by competitors. Sony also unwilling to adapt technologies from others to suit with the consumers need and aspiration. Sony’s Betamax video tape format is a good example where it provided higher definition video but it has shorter playing time compared to VHS introduced by JVC. Customers prefer longer playing time compared to quality and Sony unwilling to adapt JVC technology. Eventually Betamax lose out to VHS. In 1990s, Sony opted to promote its own proprietary ATRAC format over the more popular mp3 standard. The decision allowed Sony’s rivals to capture most of the portable music market. The most celebrated Walkman loses out to I pod introduced by Apple. In fact Sony’s employees themselves were frustrated by the company’s unwillingness to support other format. Unethical Business Strategy In 2005, Sony’s copy protection scheme made them to install what was known as a rootkit on many of its music CDs without informing their customers. The rootkit software installed itself on the computer when CD was inserted. Besides disabling the owner’s ability to copy music, it also exposed the computers to serious security risks and in some cases allowed Sony to remotely monitor the user’s actions. Sony was charged in court and found guilty. It caused irreparable harm to Sony’s reputation within music industry. It may also influence the sales of PlayStation 3 as some customers might question Sony’s transparency to customers on software used by them in their product. Product Disadvantage/Defect History proves that Sony always faced problems with their new products. Besides the earlier problem with Betamax and Walkman, Sony’s Super Audio Compact Disc (SACD) systems were incompatible with most stereos because of Sony’s copy protection scheme. Another product gave them problem in early 2007. Sony distributed 25 million DVD with a new copy protection technology known as the Advanced Regional Copy Control Operating Solution (ARccOS). However ARccOS unintentionally prevented movies from being played on many DVD players. As for gaming devise, in 2003, Sony introduced PlayStation Portable (PSP) but it fared poorly. Its built in memory could not even hold one album in mp3 format and customer had to purchase additional proprietary memory from Sony. PlayStation 3 too has its disadvantage. Many users complained on Sony’s decision to not include the video cables needed and to eliminate rumble (a vibration feedback feature) in PlayStation 3. Consumers had to buy additional controller which is very expensive compared to those offered by Nintendo. Sony was found guilty of infringing on a rumble patent and was ordered to pay $90. 7 million in damages. Lots of forum (internet) discussed about the problem faced with PlayStation 3. In Intuitive. com, they complained that the device runs way too hot and when the internal fan kicks in, the background noise is so high. Other forumer complained that it cannot play normal DVD, PlayStation 3 is not loading, stopped working after 1 year, always faulty after warranty period etc. Based on article in Wikipedia, a 2009 study by Square Trade, a warranty provider, found a 2 year failure rate of 10% for PlayStation 3. By early 2007, return outstripped sales and store shelves became overstocked with unsold consoles. Expensive Product, High Manufacturing Cost and Negative Profit Another problem faced by Sony is that it couldn’t afford to sell its PlayStation 3 for cheaper price due to higher manufacturing cost. Sony is very concern about the quality of their product and thus tries to produce high quality products. Eventually this lead to a higher manufacturing cost because the components used are of high quality and expensive. It’s proven with Betamax which is more expensive than VHS, PlayStation Portable priced nearly twice than competing handheld device from Nintendo, while SACD proves costly due to higher manufacturing cost. PlayStation 3 consoles had built in support for Blu-ray content which is of higher quality and capacity compared to HD-DVD which was supported by Xbox 360. However this makes the manufacturing cost are higher and the product was sold with expensive price. Besides that the video quality for both formats was comparable. The PlayStation 3 was the most expensive console ever launched with a price tag of $600 and $500 for stripped down version. Play Station 3 cost $200 more than Xbox 360 launched by Microsoft. Sony claimed that although their product cost more, but it has staying power up to 10 years. They failed to understand that technology always change and consumer won’t stick to one particular product for 10 years especially in entertainment and gaming industry. In fact the PlayStation 3 launched within few years after the launching of PlayStation 2. The high retail price will be a major hurdle for PlayStation 3 to be successful in the market. Based on number of units sold in November 2006, December 2006 and January 2007, PlayStation 3 was far behind X Box360, Nintendo Wii, PlayStation 2 and Play Station Portable. Although the consoles are expensive, Sony could not make profit out of it. According to sources in Wikipedia, every PlayStation 3 units were sold at estimated loss of $250 contributing to Sony’s games division posting an operating loss of US$ 1. 97 billion in the fiscal year ending March 2007. This is another big blow for Sony and a major problem that they have to overcome. Differentiation Despite all the heavy advertisement and euphoria prior to the launching of PlayStation 3, it does not live up to the expectation. Generally PS3 is no different from other available similar product in the market. The PS3 launched with only 15 titles, the majority of which franchise games that had previously available for the Xbox 360. Professional reviewers called it mostly unoriginal. Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii had higher ranking titles. PS3 even could not even compete with earlier version that is Plays Station 2. Many users feel PlayStation 3 is not much different from Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii and prefer to buy the latter due to cheaper price. In fact Play Station 3 could not even beat the sales of its predecessor, PlayStation 2. Even the editors of the Official Play Station Magazine said they felt let down by Sony’s promises for better looking games. They felt PlayStation 3 offered only few advantages over the Xbox 360 and all the Play Station 3 games look just the same as they do on the Xbox 360. Over Confidence Sony seems to live in past glory. They are very proud of their product and confident that whatever new products introduced by them will be an instant hit. The success of PlayStation 2 might have influenced them to be over confident. Microsoft’s Xbox 360 was launched a year earlier than PlayStation 3, which means Sony has a year to learn from Microsoft’s mistakes but they failed to do so because they are confident with their technology and felt PlayStation 3 is superior to Xbox 360. Longer Software Development Cycle Another setback for Sony was the longer software development cycle for PlayStation 3. The complexity of the advanced graphics engines and processors utilized in PlayStation 3 made the software development stretched to 36 months. Certain games such as Final Fantasy XI took about six months to port to Xbox 360 but could take up to 3 years to port to PlayStation 3. This is another disadvantage of PlayStation 3 compared to its rival products. Most of the developers reluctant to undertake the developing project for Play Station 3. It will also delay their production of the consoles and might not meet the demand. This is one of the factors why Sony had to delay its launch of PlayStation 3 and despite producing the anticipated 1 million console, they were only able to produce less than 200,000 consoles. Heavy Criticism from Media Earlier Sony has tarnished its reputation with two lawsuits against them by U. S. federal Trade Commission and Immersion Corporation. Their failure to launch the PlayStation 3 on schedule and expensive price of this product received heavy criticism from media. Their advertisement slogan for PlayStation 3 was â€Å"Play Beyond† became a joke in internet with one spoof titled â€Å"Pay Beyond† became widely circulated in internet. The PlayStation 3 was given number eighth spot on PC World magazine’s list as of â€Å"The Top 21 Tech screw-up’s in 2006†, where it was criticized for being late, expensive and incompatible. Business Week summed up the general opinion by stating that it was more impressed with what the PS3 could do than with what it currently does. The bad reviews and criticism by media may jeopardize the PlayStation 3’s sales and success. This might be one of the reasons why there was lack of demand for PlayStation 3 during the launching in Europe in March 2007. Besides that one of the game in PlayStation 3, Resistance: Fall of Man garnered a â€Å"mature† rating from the Entertainment Software Review Board (ERSB) for intense violence, Blood and gore and strong language. The latest setback was on April 20, 2011 (source from an article in Wikipedia) where Sony shutdown the Play Station network for a prolonged interval revealing in April 23 that this was due to an internal intrusion in their system. Sony revealed that the personal information of 77 million users might have been taken, including names, addresses, countries, e mail addresses, birth date, PSN login, passwords and PSN online ID. This latest setback further damaged Sony’s image and reputation especially in gaming industry. SOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Market Strategy In order to recapture the market, Sony should take a survey of the market needs and expectation and develop a product which will suit the market. They should always be transparent with customers and should give out information on the technologies used in their product and the risk that customers may faced. This will avoid Sony being branded as using unethical business strategy and thus will build customer’s trust on them. In fulfilling the expectation of the market, Sony should not hesitate to adapt the technology of their competitor like how they did for their Betamax where in the end Sony adapted JVC’s VHS technology. Sony should not be overprotective of their technology and should start to license its technology to competitors. By doing this, Sony’s product will be marketed by not only by Sony but also others who obtained the license from Sony. Initial market target for PlayStation 3 was 18 – 35 years old male gamers with above average education. Sony should develop games that can attract those beyond these age group and woman so that it will increase their market share. Product Strategy Sony should start reviewing its product’s compatibility issue and resolve it. They should ensure their product suits most of the common devices used by customers. For example, Play Station should fit to the most of the computers as what Microsoft did with their Xbox 360. Using a simpler technology will shorten the development cycle and Sony can produce their consoles within shorter period of time. Sony should take serious action in overcoming all the problems related to PS 3 consoles as highlighted by users and media. Unless they resolve these issues, they will never be able to sell it successfully. Besides resolving the technical problems of PS3, Sony should also find a way to differentiate its product from competitor. The success of PlayStation 2 had automatically built high expectation on PlayStation 3 and customers were expecting something new from those available in the market. In order to meet these expectations, Sony should come up with more titles, new games, user friendly console etc. Sony managed to overcome some of the product issues by introducing a slimmer model in July 2010. Promotional Strategy Sony should adapt a modest promotion strategy. The heavy criticism on PlayStation 3 is because the public compared the product’s capability against what Sony promises during their promotion and marketing campaign. During the promotion, Sony claimed that PlayStation 3 was equipped with an IBM cell processor touted as a â€Å"supercomputer on a chip† which can outperform many of the latest PC processors and can delivers up to 10 times the performance of a typical home computer. In fact, they claimed that PS3 has twice the processing power of Xbox 360. They also claimed that PlayStation 3 has the ability to closely mimic human reasoning and movements. But public felt cheated when the actual product capability does not live to promises made by Sony thus bad reviews and heavy criticism were thrown at PlayStation 3 and Sony. Sony should test the actual performance of the product and be genuine in their promotion and marketing campaign. They should also launch their product simultaneously in all continents. PlayStation 3 was launched in North America first and then in Europe. But due to the bad reviews in US, the Europe demand dropped where prior to the launch, retailer in United Kingdom cancelled more than $20 million worth of orders. Pricing Strategy It’s a fact that PlayStation 3 is a very expensive console compared to its competitor, Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii. Therefore Sony should find a way to reduce its price to be on par with its competitor which will increase its sales. In order to achieve this, Sony should start using cheaper components and simpler technology to reduce its manufacturing cost which will eventually reduce the price of the product. Unnecessary accessories or gadgets which are actually not required by users should be removed to bring down the cost and price. By August 2009, Sony managed to reduce the manufacturing cost by 70% and reduce the price of Play Station 3 to $300. This eventually increases their profit and boosts the sales of PlayStation 3. Distribution Strategy One of the reasons why Sony failed in selling more consoles during the launch in North America was because of the delay in production which cannot meet the high demand. Sony should produce the required unit before the launching so that every order will be fulfilled. Those who are frustrated for not getting the console and could not wait for it started buying Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii. This is a lost of sales for PlayStation 3. Sony should also be ready to license out its technologies to competitors. By doing this their product will flow into the market through various channels. CONCLUSION For long Sony has enjoyed success in entertainment industry through variety of product introduced by them. They enjoyed huge success with Play Station 2 but this is not the case with Play Station 3. Generally Play Station 3 was outclassed by Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii. Although Sony managed to overcome most of the product’s technical issues and reduce the price by August 2009, it was still behind Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii in terms of number of units sold by March 2011. Below data clearly shows that Sony could not beat the sales of Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii:- Worldwide sales figures 1. Wii 86. 01 million as of 31 March 2011  (2011 -03-31)[update] 2. Xbox 360 55 million as of 4 June 2011  (2011 -06-04)[update] 3. Play Station 3 50 million as of 31 March 2011  (2011 -03-31)[update] The initial setback during launching as discussed earlier and issues faced with the product’s compatibility and inefficiency has already tuned the mindset of users that Plays Station 3 is no better than Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii. If Sony keeps on placing hope that Play Station 3 will climb up to number one spot, they will fail to achieve that. Sony should introduce a new product and differentiate it against those available in the market to recapture the market and customers confidence level. The new product should be more advanced than Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii, easy to use, cheaper, more new games titles and meet the expectation of the customers Exhibit 1 Company| Platform| Unit Sold ($)| | | Nov-06| Dec-06| Jan-07| Nintendo| Wii| 476,000. 00| 604,200. 00| 435,503. 00| Sony| PlayStation 2| 664,000. 00| 1,400,000. 00| 299,352. 00| Microsoft| Xbox 360| 511,000. 00| 1,100,000. 00| 294,000. 00| Sony| PlayStation 3| 197,000. 00| 490,700. 00| 243,554. 00| Nintendo| DS| 918,000. 00| 1,600,000. 00| 239,000. 00| Sony| PSP| 412,000. 00| 953,200. 00| 211,000. 00| Nintendo| Game Boy Advance| 641,000. 00| 850,000. 00| 179,000. 00| Nintendo| Game Cube| 70,000. 00| 64,000. 00| 24,000. 00| Exhibit 2

Music Video Analysis free essay sample

Primary Audience The primary audience for this music video Is African American males. The second verse of the music video shows Jay-Z getting pulled over by a Caucasian policeman for something coming out from a discriminating heart-?he gets pulled over for driving fifty-five miles per hour in a fifty-four MPH zone. Feeling discriminated, Jay-Z raps about what happened and shows that this incident is Just one of the many incidents of which him and his race deal with In their daily lives. Driving one mile over the speed limit Is something that police would believe Is not worth wasting time r effort to pull one over.However, because Jay-Z Is from African decent. It Is Implied that Caucasians do not feel safe about African Americans driving around the streets -?Caucasians may believe that African Americans are dangerous, criminals, and/or a possible threat to the community. Another verse in the song refers to the court trial that Jay-Z faced in 1999. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Video Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One day In Kit Kate Club, located In Times Square of New York City, Jay-Z was accused of stabbing record executive Lance On Riviera for Rivers bootlegging of Jay-Gs third record Life and Times of S. Carter (Wisped, Biography). This Incident led Jay-Z to court for a trial.In the end, the court ruled that Jay-Z can bail out for half off million dollars for what he had done. Although he stabbed a person, something that is immoral and almost unforgivable, Jay-Z complains in his song about spotting another sign of the governments discrimination against his race. Paying half a million dollar ball Is an Incredibly large amount of money, especially when the crime did not lead to death or can not be classified as attempted murder. If the criminal were from another race, per SE a Caucasian criminal, they may be able to bail out with approximately two thousand dollars.Due to the fact that Jay-Z is of African decent, the courts action implied that an African American criminal should pay more than any other criminals would pay-?once again, African American males seem to be threats and dangerous beings in white communities. From courts perspective, it Is beneficial to keep African Americans In Jail or only allowing them out at an expensive ball amount, for they are not trustworthy and may commit crime any time soon after release. To his audience, Jay-Z is trying to show the various problems he had to endure just for being who he is.Therefore, he created his video in this particular manner to show the injustice that the government is enforcing on African American males and to tell his race that this is not just anyones problem that they could care less about. One of them might go, or perhaps have gone, through the On the other hand, in a broader range, the secondary audiences are all males in general. By this time, it is clear that Jay-Z had gone through tough times throughout his career. He was caught selling drugs several times, was discriminated by the society, spent time in Jail, and has foes that want make sure his caskets loses (Verse 1, line 2).Metaphorically speaking, he had 99 problems which we re important landmarks and may have been major threats in his life. Going through all the conflicts, Jay-Z still survives and stands firm and takes a look at other males with their minor problems-?for example, having girl problems. In the chorus of his song, he says that he has 99 problems but a pitch anti one, if you are having girl problems I feel bad for you son(Chorus). The feeling bad part of the chorus is not the literal intention of what Jay-Z is trying to tell the males with girl problems.He is being racist and indirectly criticizing them for complaining for such little problems, compared to what Jay-Z went through. Here is Jay-Z who went through life or death problems looking at males who are complaining about little problems-?it is almost comical to see them complaining from Jay-Gs perspective. Through the music video, Jay-Z is sending a message to his audiences that we all have some kind of problems, big or small. He has gone through much worse than people who are dwelling on girl problems-?life is not easy, but we all have to deal with i t and move on. Informative Purpose that Directs to EthosIn 99 Problems, Jay-Z is literally talking about the major problems that he has gone through. For stabbing Lance Un Riviera, people who were associated with Riviera still has grudge against him today. In verse one of the song, Jay-Z raps about how foes want make sure his caskets closed (Verse One, line two) which means people want to kill him as a revenge for stabbing Riviera. Another set of fact that Jay-Z states is about a Caucasian cop pulling him over for speeding one mile over. The second verse of the lyrics he wrote are basically a conversation between the cop and Jay-Z.In the song, Jay-Z tries to imitate how the Caucasian cop spoke to him-?with a white accent and a walked-talkie voice. By using the imitation of cops language as part of his lyrics, it makes the song very informative and gives it more credibility. Since his lyrics contain information about what happened to Jay-Z, it supports the ethos of his music video. He talks about him going from rags-to-retches (Verse 1, Line 15) which is believable with his drug selling problem. Although it is illegal, Jay-Z, living in rags, had to sell drugs to survive.His experiences makes him very credible enabling us as he audience to believe in what he has to say about problems and ways of survival in the ghettos. What Jay-Z says would not be credible if someone who grew up rich were to sing this song-?for instance, Victoria Beckman who had a wealthy upbringing ever since she was born (Wisped, Biography). Jay-Z, who used to be poor from the beginning of his music career, struggled through all the problems and was able to achieve one of the highest positions in the music industry. Thus, what he says about the problems and his ghetto scenes in the music video are very likely to be credible. Further Purpose Although Jay-Z is talking about problems he faced throughout his career, it does not have to have such a negative feeling in the song. The message from the music video can be interpreted in a rather optimistic way to the audiences. By using his song as a tool to glorify himself-?for how he endured through tough situations without aid from anyone. Once again, he went through the most miserable times that anyone could ever be placed in-?stabbed someone, punished in Jail, sold drugs, discriminated, and much more. But who was there to help him fulfill hisAmerican Dream? No one. Jay-Z had endured everything all by himself. The only help Jay-Z had was a little bit of knowledge that he picked up on the streets about having individual rights. In the second verse, when Jay-Z was pulled over for speeding, the cops ask him to step out of the car to see if he is carrying a weapon on him and asks to search his car (Verse 2, line 13). Jay-Z did not back down but rather knew his rights so the cop is going to need a warrant (verse 2, line 19). When he knew his individual rights, he declared them. When he had to pay his bail amount, he id it.With his individual effort, he fought through everything. Now, he is using this music video as a tool to make people know what went on with him and to praise him for what he did. Jay-Z wants to show that he is that tough. This can also be a type of persuasive purpose for he is trying to promote admiration for himself and show his strong male identity that will appeal to his audience. American Dream: Conclusion In conclusion, Jay-Z obtained his American Dream at last; going from rags-to- riches. Interestingly, all the problems and steps that he took to reach the top could e referred to as American Nightmares.Jay-Z is giving a message to his audience that although it was really tough, he endured through the nightmares: accused, jailed, almost killed, discriminated, and etc. It was almost impossible to deal with them but he accomplished his American Dream. The admirable part is that he dealt with them all by himself. Because he was able to fulfill a difficult task, fulfilling American Dream in his given condition to start with, he is messaging to his audience that he is the man who should be respected and promoted for admiration.

Maya Lin Essays

Maya Lin Essays Maya Lin Essay Maya Lin Essay Maya Lin Maya Lin, a graduate of Yale University, is a politically fueled artist who caused quite an uproar with her artwork. Maya Lin concentrates on reality as most of her artwork that gained nationwide attention consisted of memorial type structures that were interactive art. The Rosa Park’s memorial and the Vietnam memorial alike are both gigantic structures carved out of solid marble to remember those to impacted the development of the United States to what we are today. Maya combined several visual elements to bring her artwork alive including space, shape, and time and motion. According to our textbook, Living with Art, a shape is a two-dimensional form. It occupies an area with identifiable boundaries. Boundaries may be created by a line, a shift in texture, or a shift in color. Maya used shapes in a very creative way in both the Vietnam War memorial and the Juniata Peace Chapel pieces to be exact. To me, these two creations utilize this concept the most with the sharp angles and underground â€Å"boundaries† that almost give the memorial a triangle shape while still giving the appearance of an optical allusion at first. The Peace Chapel as also â€Å"set up† the same way utilizing the underground theme. For the Peace Chapel, large square cut rocks were placed below ground level to give a less defined boundary from far away, almost not appearing to be â€Å"sunken in† from certain angles due to the grass floor in the middle. Maya Lin also used space to her advantage, especially linear perspective in her Vietnam Memorial. The memorial is conceptually convincing but not optically convincing. More specifically, she includes two-point linear perspective where two parallel lines converge into one point. Maya also includes the concept of space in the Peace Chapel, suggesting depth but not implying it unless you view the work from a horizontal view. From a bird’s eye view, the Chapel would just appear a simply a circle of rocks, but from standing view the sculpture appears as much more than that appearing to be an area of meditation or similar to a giant â€Å"foot print. † Lastly, Maya included time and motion into her works of art. Especially noted, the Civil Rights Memorial (Rosa Park Memorial) is considered kinetic art. Kinetic art, or art that moves, is more than just a drawing on a piece of canvas; kinetic art is â€Å"living† art and Maya perused this theory to the max when including a waterfall and fountain in the memorial. Not only does the art include motion, but it also makes the art interactive, allowing the guests to splash and control the movement of the water. This element of the artwork includes the viewer to share, touch, and watch living artwork.

Methods and Research in Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Methods and Research in Communication - Essay Example ar (2003) sought to explore the dynamics and challenges of the Middle East conflict and the role of the media in either contributing to the conflict or determining its course. One central question that is raised by the study involves the nature of contribution by the media in a cultural conflict. The study also questions the possibility of the existence of the element of bias in media coverage of conflict in the Middle East. Another important question raised by the study involves the capacity of the media to provide avenues that might be used for successful resolution of conflicts. Shinar (2003) adopted an explorative case study design with particular focus on the Palestinian-Israel conflict. The main hypothesis of the study was that the media involvement in conflict basically seeks ways of resolution. The study explored various models of conflict resolution in terms of their respective levels of efficacy to the Israel-Palestinian situation. Some of the historical incidents of the conflict were matched with the models with the objective of determining the patterns of the situation with the view of predicting possible scenarios for the future. The results of the study showed that the media involvement in conflict takes multiple forms and objectives. The media does not always engage in conflicts with the purpose of resolving the conflict. Sometimes the media basically seeks to transform the nature of conflict to match its own peculiar objectives. The study conducted by Melone, Terzis & Beleli (2005) focussed on the different roles that the media plays in a conflict situation. The hypothesis of the study was that the shape of any particular conflict is essentially determined by the manner in which the media participates in the conflict. The major assumption of the study is that responsible and ethical journalism will always produce positive results for the media whereas unethical journalistic practices have the capacity to escalate tensions and conflicts. The

Employment law paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Employment law paper - Essay Example st does not in any way burden the business or the operations, and d) Or simply retaliating against an employee who has filled out the EEO charge or acts as a witness for someone else’s EEO matter. Any form of opposition to the religious discrimination or where the employee is faced with an issue due to the religion they follow is to be avoided by all companies. There are a few exceptions to this law and these companies do not need to deal with the religious discrimination. These include a) Religious organizations, and b) ministerial exceptions. A company does not have to reasonably accommodate to an individual’s requests if it has an impact on the working of the company or the business operations. Also, if the company has a bona fide doubt on the basis of the accommodation request, then the employer may refuse to accommodate. For instance, if an employee denies being able to conduct one of the duties based on some religious constraint, and the employer has a doubt regarding the same, then the employer has a right to not accommodate the request and to ignore the request. Similarly in a case where the employee is required to work on a particular timing and is unable to do so due to religious constraints, then the employer can check for the factual details of the accommodation, and can also refuse to accommodate as it will have a direc t impact on the business and the business operations. Gender discrimination is more commonly referred to as sexual discrimination. Here people are discriminated based on their gender and the gender becomes a factor in deciding who get a job, promotion, or even other employment benefits. Most commonly found to be against women who feel that men are treated with a bias and that women are unfairly discriminated against men. This however does also see a number of cases where a reverse discrimination has occurred, for instance, women are treated more favorable than men. In simple terms, gender discrimination is when one gender is

Various Definitions of Hegemony and Pax Americana Essay Example for Free

Various Definitions of Hegemony and Pax Americana Essay The politics of hegemony is an important area of political science. During the Pax Americana period – that is, after WWII – the United States is known to have helped the world establish economic order (Samuelson, 2006, p. A31). Moreover, the U. S. is known to have assisted other countries with economic aid and in reconstruction efforts, for example, with the well-known Marshall Plan (Hogan, 1989, p. 1-25). Heardon (2002) describes the United States as an architect of a new world order during the Second World War. Hence, it is important to comprehend the power of the U. S. in the light of various definitions of hegemony. The word, ‘hegemony,’ is known to have its roots in the Greek verb, â€Å"hegeisthai,† meaning â€Å"to lead† (â€Å"What is Hegemony,† 2007). In the ancient Greek civilization the term applied to leaders that were able to influence and exert a tremendous amount of control over groups of people. The hegemons had to be supported by at least one dominant group so as to keep the common people from rebelling against established leaders (â€Å"What is Hegemony†). Watson (2002) refers to two meanings of hegemony in International Relations: â€Å"One has to do with the distribution of power in a system. Not merely military force, but also technical and financial strength. The other meaning is the dominance of a particular idea or set of assumptions, such as economic liberalism and globalization (p. 1). † Certainly the second definition of hegemony in International Relations cannot be applied to a country that influences other countries, for example, the United States since the beginning of the Pax Americana period. The first definition of hegemony in International Relations, on the other hand, may aptly describe the power of the British Empire in the mid-nineteenth century, and of the United States during the period known as Pax Americana (Pigman, 1997, p. 186). Watson writes that the first definition is a â€Å"material condition† enabling a â€Å"great power, or a group of powers, or the great powers in a system acting collectively, to bring such great pressures and inducements to bear that most other states lose some of their freedom of action de facto, though not de jure (p. 1). † Also according to the author, the Western world’s hegemony in our times, and especially that of the United States, has aimed to alter the â€Å"internal behaviour† of other countries as well as societies (Watson, p. 1). The implications of change of â€Å"internal behaviour† induced by powerful countries combine the two definitions of hegemony in International Relations (Watson, p. 1). As an example, if the Western world, and especially the United States, manages to convert a large number of countries into believers in economic liberalism as well as globalization – these ideas proposed by hegemonic societies would be considered the dominant ones. Likewise, the Western world has its own ideas about human rights in addition the environment and the â€Å"standards of civilization,† which happen to be prominent today seeing that the world media is by and large controlled by the Western civilization (Watson, p. 1). All the same, the world at large has not adopted these ideas as their own, which suggests that the second definition of hegemony in International Relations cannot really be applied in our time. According to Ferguson (2003), hegemony of the United States during the period referred to as Pax Americana was based on four pillars. The first pillar was entirely economic, as the economy of the United States outperformed most of its competitors in the twentieth century. The second pillar of U. S. hegemony related to the country’s â€Å"power to advance multilateral, mutually balanced tariff reductions under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (later the World Trade Organization) (Ferguson). † During the Kennedy Round negotiations of 1967, reductions in tariffs were achieved mainly due to pressures from the United States (Beck, 1970, p. 33-36). Pressures were exerted through â€Å"conditionality,† that is, the terms that the International Monetary Fund, based in Washington D. C. , applied to grant loans (Ferguson). The third pillar of U. S. hegemony may be understood by the way the U. S. dollar was presented by the U. S. government as a â€Å"key currency,† both â€Å"before and after the breakdown of the Bretton Woods institutions (Ferguson). † This allowed the U. S. to be â€Å"less restrained† than other nations as far as foreign investment and strategic policymaking were concerned (Ferguson). Subsequently, the world experienced the hegemony of the U. S. dollar, granting extensive privileges unto the United States (Ferguson; Paul, 2006). The fourth pillar, according to Ferguson, was the maintenance of hegemony by the United States through its ability to formally constitute an â€Å"alliance of states† – in other words, NATO – which was committed to the â€Å"containment of two rival superpowers (Ferguson). † In fact, the chief responsibility assumed by NATO has been to secure Europe and the United States against military attacks (â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions,† 2008). If we were to believe that Pax Americana continues to this day, the conventional definition of hegemony in International Relations is enough to help us understand the period since 1945. After all, the United States has maintained its leadership position among the countries of the world by using its military power as well as economic and technological strength, despite the fact that its use of military force has been disapproved by many nations. (The very meaning of ‘Pax’ is ‘Peace’). Furthermore, even the recession of 2008 has not given the world a new leader dethroning the United States. Noam Chomsky believes that the current recession is not expected to end U. S. hegemony in any case (Rattansi, 2008). All the same, Antonio Gramsci’s definition of hegemony cannot explain the position of the U. S. from 1945 to 2008, seeing that this definition may only describe a leading nation that is respected by the subordinate groups for all its decisions (â€Å"Hegemony in Gramsci’s Original Prison Notebooks†). The fact that the United States’ decisions during the Vietnam War were not supported by the American public and the world at large confirm Wallerstein’s (2002) hypothesis that Pax Americana must have ended during the Vietnam War. Foster McChesney (2004) write that the end of the Vietnam War was the time when the mask of the American Empire was lifted. The period called Pax Americana was â€Å"revealed as imperialism pure and simple (Foster McChesney). † This is because the president of the United States could no longer explain the foreign policy of his nation as based on the â€Å"liberation of man† and the â€Å"survival of liberty (Foster McChesney). † Hence, Gramsci’s definition of Pax Americana may only explain the period between 1945 and the Vietnam War, when the United States was considered a helper and facilitator rather than a hostile imperialist nation. According to Gramsci, hegemony refers to political power flowing from moral, intellectual and political leadership as well as consensus or authority instead of military force. Thus, a ruling class may form as well as maintain hegemony in a civil society by the creation of political and cultural consensus using political parties, unions, media, schools, the church, and various other kinds of voluntary organizations that exercise hegemony over social groups in addition to â€Å"allied classes (Hainsworth, 2000). † These organizations of persons, the media, as well as information that flows from them control the behaviour and thinking of the people by presenting them with â€Å"dominant ideologies,† thereby creating â€Å"a state of domination (Hainsworth). † Moreover, the leading class may hold greater power over the people than the government, according to Gramsci. Besides, all decisions made by the leading class must be democratic in nature. In particular, the subordinate groups should agree with the leading class in matters of economic development as well as legislation, seeing that the people are significantly affected by decisions in these areas. The leading class is allowed by the people to use force against hostile groups. Just the same the force used by the leading class should not exceed the consent of the people (â€Å"Hegemony in Gramsci’s Original Prison Notebooks†). The work of the United States during the period, 1945 to the Vietnam War, may definitely be understood in the light of Gramsci’s definition of hegemony. U. S. financiers and corporations along with the U. S. government formed the leading class, with the financiers and corporations playing a major role and the government simply voicing their interests through new plans and negotiations with the rest of the world. The role played by the U. S. government on behalf of the ruling class, that is, the financiers and corporations, is comparable to the present role of the media. All the same, it is obvious that the functions of the United States during Pax Americana – if it is believed to be the period, 1945-Vietnam War – were entirely democratic. As a matter of fact, the ideologies of the United States during this period were almost entirely accepted by the rest of the world. The U. S. continued to foster enmity with the Soviet Union. Even so, the subordinate groups did not disagree with this stance of the United States. As the U. S. promoted anticommunist ideologies, subordinate classes preferred them to communist ideologies. Thus, the United States had managed to dominate almost the entire world with its moral, intellectual, and political ideologies. References Beck, R. H. (1970). The Changing Structure of Europe: Economic, Social, and Political Trends. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Ferguson, N. (2003, Sep-Oct). Hegemony or Empire? Foreign Affairs. Foster, J. B. , McChesney, R. W. (2004, Sep). The American Empire: Pax Americana or Pox Americana. Monthly Review. Frequently Asked Questions. (2008, Jun 11). North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Retrieved Dec 10, 2008, from http://www. nato. int/issues/faq/index. html. Hainsworth, S. (2000, May 17). Gramsci’s Hegemony Theory and the Ideological Role of the Mass Media. Retrieved Dec 10, 2008, from http://www. cultsock. ndirect. co. uk/MUHome/cshtml/contributions/gramsci2. html. Hearden, P. J. (2002). Architects of Globalism: Building a New World Order during World War II. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. Hegemony in Gramsci’s Original Prison Notebooks. Retrieved Dec 10, 2008, from http://socserv2. mcmaster. ca/soc/courses/soc2r3/gramsci/gramheg. htm.

The Minimum Wage Essay -- Minimum Wage Research Paper

"The minimum wage is something that F.D.R. put in place a long time ago during the Great Depression. I don't think it worked then. It didn't solve any problems then and it hasn't solved any problems in 50 years." -- John Raese For many years it has been a matter of conventional wisdom among economists that the minimum wage causes fewer jobs to exist than would be the case without it. This is simply a matter of price theory, taught in every economics textbook, requiring no elaborate analysis to justify. Were this not the case, there would be no logical reason why the minimum wage could not be set at $10, $100, or $1 million per hour. Historically, defenders of the minimum wage have not disputed the dis-employment effects of the minimum wage, but argued that on balance the working poor were better off. In other words, the higher incomes of those with jobs offset the lower incomes of those without jobs, as a result of the minimum wage l "levitan". Now, President Obama is advancing the novel economic theory that modest increases in the minimum wage will have no impact whatsoever on employment. This proposition is based entirely on the work of three economists: David Card and Alan Krueger of Princeton, and Lawrence Katz of Harvard. Their studies of increases in the minimum wage in California, Texas and New Jersey apparently found no loss of jobs among fast food restaurants that were surveyed before and after the increase [ l "card-92b", l "krueger", and l "katz". While it is not yet clear why Card, Katz and Krueger got the results that they did, it is clear that their findings are directly contrary to virtually every empirical study ever done on the minimum wage. These studies were exhaustively surveyed by the Minimum Wage Study Commission, which concluded that a 10% increase in the minimum wage reduced teenage employment by 1% to 3%. The following survey of the academic research on the minimum wage is designed to give nonspecialists a sense of just how isolated the Card, Krueger and Katz studies are. It will also indicate that the minimum wage has wide-ranging negative effects that go beyond unemployment. For example, higher minimum wages encourage employers to cut back on training, thus depriving low wage workers of an important means of long-term advancement, in return for a small increase in current income. For many workers this is a very ... ...g (1996), " `Who Gets What' from Minimum Wage Hikes," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 49 (April): 547-52.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ------, and T. A. Finegan (1989), "The Minimum Wage and the Poor: The End of a Relationship," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 8 (Winter): 53-71. 23w  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Card, D., and A. Krueger (1995), Myth and Measurement (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press).  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Deere, D., K. M. Murphy and F. Welch (1995), "Employment and the 1990-1991 Minimum Wage Hike," American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 85 (May): 232-37.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gramlich, E. (1976), "Impact of Minimum Wages on Other Wages, Employment, and Family Incomes," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2: 409-51.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lang, K. (1994), "The Effect of Minimum Wage Laws on the Distribution of Employment: Theory and Evidence," Working Paper, Boston University.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Neumark, D., and W. Wascher (1995), "The Effects of Minimum Wages on Teenage Employment and Enrollment: Evidence from Matched CPS Surveys," NBER Working Paper No. 5092, April.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Smith, R., and B. Vavrichek (1992), "The Wage Mobility of Minimum Wage Workers," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 46 (October): 82-88.